Sanadin motsi makamashi: da dabara definition. Nemo sanadin motsi makamashi na kwayoyin, translational motsi, spring, jiki, kwayoyin na gas?

Daily kwarewa ya nuna cewa dukiya da jiki za a iya koma, ya koma daina. Mu ne ko da yaushe wani abu ya yi a duniya da aka biki ya kasance biki, da rana haskakawa ... Amma inda ba mutum, dabbobi, da kuma a cikin yanayi a general zo daga ƙarfi ya yi wannan aikin? Ko vuya inji motsi ba tare da wata alama? Za a fara motsawa idan jiki daya ne ba tare da canza sauran tafiye-tafiye? Duk wannan za a tattauna a cikin labarin.

A ra'ayi na makamashi

Domin engine aiki, wanda goya motsi motoci, tractors, locomotives, da jiragen sama bukatar man fetur wanda yake shi ne tushen samar da makamashi. Electric inji goya motsi ta hanyar wutar lantarki. Saboda da makamashi na ruwa fadowa daga wani tsawo, hydroturbine juya alaka zuwa lantarki inji, da samar da lantarki a halin yanzu. Man wanzu da kuma aiki, kuma bukatar makamashi. Kuma suka ce cewa a cikin al'amarin, domin ya yi wasu irin aiki, kana bukatar makamashi. Menene makamashi?

• Sauraron yadda ake gudanar 1. tada da ball sama da ƙasa. Duk da yake shi ne a Jihar natsuwa, da inji aiki ba a yi. Bar shi ya tafi. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi da ball da dama a kasa daga wani tsawo. A lokacin fall na ball aka yi inji aiki.
• Sauraron yadda ake gudanar 2. somknite spring, mu gyara shi da kuma sanya zare a spring tutsar sulug. Sa wuta a thread, da spring ta'allaka lebur kuma tãyar da baƙin ƙarfe nauyi a wani tsawo. Spring inji aikin yi.
• 3. Sauraron yadda ake gudanar trolley zai gyara sanda da block a karshen. Bayan block perekinem thread, daya karshen abin da aka rauni a kan trolley axis da kuma a wasu rataye bob. Bari je na sinker. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi , zai nutse saukar da bayar da trolley. Bob yi inji aiki.

Bayan an yi nazarin duk na sama kallo, za mu iya cewa idan jiki ko jikuna da dama hulda a lokacin inji aikin da aka yi, an ce cewa suna da wani inji ikon ko makamashi.

A ra'ayi na makamashi

Energy (daga kalmar Helenanci makamashi -. Ayyukan) - wani jiki yawa da characterizes gawawwakin 'ikon yi aikin. A naúrar na makamashi, da kuma aiki a cikin SI tsarin ne daya Joule (J 1). Harafin makamashi denoted da wasika E. Daga sama gwaje-gwajen ne, bayyananne cewa jiki ya yi aikin aikin a lokacin da wucewa daga daya jiha zuwa wani. cikinsa da jiki makamashi dabam (raguwa), da kuma inji aiki ne daidai da sakamakon wani canji a cikin inji ikon yi ta cikin jiki.

Nau'in na inji makamashi. A ra'ayi na m makamashi

Rarrabe 2 iri na inji makamashi: m, kuma sanadin motsi. Yanzu mukalli a yuwuwar makamashi.

A m makamashi (PE) - shi ne samar da makamashi ƙaddara da dangi matsayi na jikin da hul] a ko sassa na jiki na kanta. Tun da kowane jiki da ƙasa jawo hankalin juna, watau, su yi hulɗa, PE jiki tãyar da sama da ƙasa, za ta dogara ne a kan tsawo na daga h. A mafi girma da jiki ne tãyar da, da karin da ya PE. Yana da aka kafa gwaje cewa PE dogara ba kawai a kan tsawo a wanda aka ɗaukaka, amma kuma a kan jiki nauyi. Idan jiki aka tashe su guda tsawo, jiki da ciwon ya fi girma taro za a mafi girma da kuma PE. Da dabara na makamashi kamar haka: E _n = mgh, a cikinsa E _n - shi ne mai m makamashi, m - Jikin taro, g = 9,81 H / kg, h - tsawo.

A m makamashi na spring

A m makamashi na elastically maras kyau jiki kira jiki darajar E _{f wanda} a lokacin da daidaitawa da gudun translational motsi a karkashin mataki na roba sojojin rage-rage daidai kamar yadda sanadin motsi makamashi ƙaruwa. Springs (kamar sauran elastically maras kyau jiki) da PE, wanda shi ne daidai da rabin da samfurin na stiffness k for nakasawa square: x = kx ^2: 2.

Sanadin motsi makamashi: da dabara da kuma definition of

Wani lokaci darajar inji aiki za a iya gani ba tare da yin amfani da ma'anonin da karfi da kuma motsi, ya mayar da hankali ne a kan gaskiyar cewa aikin wakiltar canji a cikin jikin ta samar da makamashi. Duk da cewa muna iya bukatar - shi ne taro na jiki da kuma ta farko da kuma ƙarshen gudun cewa zai kai mu zuwa ga sanadin motsi makamashi. A sanadin motsi makamashi (KE) - makamashi yiwuwa ga jiki saboda nasu motsi.

Sanadin motsi makamashi ne iska, aka yi amfani da su goya motsi iska turbines. Kore ta da taro na iska a karkashin matsin a kan karkata jirgin sama na iska injin turbin fuka-fuki, da kuma tilasta musu su juya. Juyawa ta watsa tsarin watsa inji yin wani takamaiman aiki. Kore ta ruwa, ya jũya cikin injin turbin ikon, hasarar wani ɓangare na da AZ, yin aikin. Tashi high a cikin sama jirgin sama, a cikin Bugu da kari ga pe, a AZ. Idan jiki shi ne a cikin wani Allaha jihar, wato, ta gudu dangi zuwa ga Duniya ne sifili, kuma ta AZ dangi zuwa ga duniya ne sifili. Yana da aka kafa gwaje da cewa mafi girma da nauyi da kuma gudun da wanda shi motsa, da more shi TBE. Da dabara na sanadin motsi makamashi na translational motsi a cikin ilmin lissafi magana ne kamar haka:

Ina K - sanadin motsi makamashi, m - nauyi, v - gudun.

A canji a sanadin motsi makamashi

Tun da kudi na motsi jiki ne m dangane da zabi na reference tsarin, da darajar AZ jiki kuma ya dogara a kan ta selection. Change a sanadin motsi makamashi (Ike) jiki ya auku saboda da mataki a jiki na waje karfi F. A zahiri yawa wanda shi ne _daidai? E Ike jiki saboda wani karfi na mataki F, kiran aiki: A? E = _k. Idan wani jiki wanda aka motsi a gudun v _1, da karfi F, wanda ya yi daidai da shugabanci, da motsi gudu na jiki za su kara a tazara na lokaci t zuwa wani daraja v _2. A wannan yanayin, Ike ne:

Inda m - da taro na jiki; d - da hanyar traversed ta jiki; V _F1 = (V ₂ - V _1). V _F2 = (V ₂ + V _1). mai = F: m. Yana da ga wannan dabara da aka lasafta, nawa sanadin motsi makamashi da aka canza. Formula iya samun wadannan fassarar: _for? E = Flcos ά, a cikinsa cosά ne kwana tsakanin vectors na karfi F da gudu V.

A talakawan sanadin motsi makamashi

Sanadin motsi makamashi ne da makamashi ƙaddara da gudun da daban-daban da maki wanda kasance a wannan tsarin. Duk da haka, ka sani cewa wajibi ne a rarrabe tsakanin biyu makamashi da cewa faye hali daban-daban -daban na motsi: translational da rotational. A talakawan sanadin motsi makamashi (SKE) a cikin wannan yanayin ne da talakawan bambanci tsakanin jimlar makamashi na dukan tsarin da ikon tunani, cewa, a hakikanin gaskiya, ta size - shi ne talakawan tamanin da m makamashi. da talakawan sanadin motsi makamashi dabara ne:

inda k - ne Boltzmann m. T - zazzabi. Yana da wannan lissafi shi ne tushen da kwayoyin-sanadin motsi ka'idar.

A talakawan sanadin motsi makamashi na iskar gas kwayoyin

Wurare da dama a gwaje-gwajen sun bayyana cewa talakawan sanadin motsi makamashi na iskar gas kwayoyin a cikin gaba motsi a iyakancen zafin jiki ne guda, kuma ba ya dogara ne a kan irin gas. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ma aka yi ya gano cewa dumama gas a ^{game da} 1 C SKE aka incremented da daya da kuma guda darajar. More daidai, da darajar ne :? E _k = 2,07 x 10 ^-23 J / ° ^C. Domin yin lissafi da abin da yake cikin talakawan sanadin motsi makamashi na iskar gas kwayoyin a cikin m motsi, shi wajibi ne, ban da wannan zumunta darajar, to san akalla daya more cikin cikakkar darajar da translational motsi na makamashi. A kimiyyar lissafi, da dabi'u ga mai fadi da kewayon yanayin zafi m isasshe sosai. Alal misali, a t = 500 ^{° C} da sanadin motsi makamashi na translational motsi Ek kwayoyin = 1600 x 10 ^-23 J. 2 Sanin darajar (? E _k kuma E _k), za mu iya lissafta da makamashi a matsayin wani translational motsi na kwayoyin a ba yawan zafin jiki, da kuma warware kishiya matsala - don ƙayyade yawan zafin jiki a kan sa na makamashi dabi'u.

A karshe, za mu iya cewa da talakawan sanadin motsi makamashi na kwayoyin, da dabara wanda shi ne aka nuna a sama dogara kawai a kan cikakkar zafin jiki (da kuma ga kowane jihar na tari daga cikin abubuwa).

A dokar da kiyayewa total inji makamashi

Karatu da motsi na jikinsu karkashin mataki na nauyi da kuma na roba karfi ya nuna cewa akwai wani jiki yawa da ake kira m makamashi E _n. shi ya dogara da jiki frame, kuma ta canji da aka daidaita Ike, wanda aka dauka da m ãyã: Δ E _{n =} -? E _to. Saboda haka, adadin CE da PE jiki canje-canje, wanda hadin gwiwa tare da gravitational sojojin da na roba sojojin ne 0: Δ E _n +? E _k = 0. A dakarun cewa ya dogara ne kawai a kan tsarawa na jiki, ana kira ra'ayin mazan jiya. The m karfi da kuma elasticity ne ra'ayin mazan jiya sojojin. Jimlar sanadin motsi da m makamashi na jiki ne total inji makamashi: E _n + _k = E E.

Wannan hujja, wadda an tabbatar da mafi m gwaje-gwajen,
kira dokar kiyayewa inji makamashi. Idan jiki mu'amala sojojin, wanda ya dogara a kan zumunta gudu, inji makamashi na tsarin hulda da jikin da aka ba da ceto. Wani misali na sojojin na irin wannan, wanda ake kira ba ra'ayin mazan jiya, yana da karfi na gogayya. Idan ka yi aiki a jiki na frictional karfi, wajibi ne a shawo kan su ciyar da makamashi da cewa shi ne wani ɓangare daga gare ta ake amfani da su yi aiki da sojojin na gogayya. Duk da haka, da take hakkin doka na kiyayewa da makamashi ne kawai hasashe, domin shi ne na musamman hali na janar dokar kiyayewa da kuma canji da makamashi. Jikin makamashi ba vuya da kuma reappears: ta kawai tuba daga daya nau'i zuwa wani. Wannan ka'idar yanayi yana da muhimmanci sosai, shi ne yake aikata a ko'ina. Haka kuma an wani lokacin ake magana a kai a matsayin janar dokar kiyayewa da kuma canji da makamashi.

Sadarwa tsakanin ciki makamashi na jiki, sanadin motsi da kuma m kuzari

A ciki da makamashi (U) na jiki - shi ne ya full makamashi na jiki debe jikin EC matsayin dukan da ta PE a waje filin ƙarfi. Daga wannan za mu iya cewa da ciki makamashi kunshi TBE bazuwar tashin kwayoyin, hulda tsakanin PE da vnutremolekulyarnoy makamashi. Ciki makamashi - guda-mai daraja aiki na tsarin jihar, cewa ya ce da wadannan: idan tsarin ne a cikin wannan jiha, ta ciki makamashi daukan ta muhimmi darajar, ko da kuwa abin da ya faru a baya.

relativism

Lokacin da gudun da jiki kusa da haske gudu, sanadin motsi makamashi da aka samu ta hanyar da wadannan dabara:

A sanadin motsi makamashi na jiki, da dabara abin da aka rubuta a sama, kuma za a iya lasafta a kan wadannan ka'ida:

Misalan matsaloli a sami wani sanadin motsi makamashi

1. Kwatanta sanadin motsi makamashi ball yin la'akari 9 g, yawo a gudun 300 m / s, da kuma wani mutum yin la'akari 60 kg, yanã gudãna a gudun 18 km / h.

Saboda haka, abin da muka kasance ba: m ₁ = 0.009 kg. V ₁ = 300 m / s. ₂ m = 60 kg, V ₂ = 5 m / s.

bayani:

• Sanadin motsi makamashi (Eq) _to E = mv ^2: 2.
• Muna da dukkan data ga lissafi, sabili da haka _ya sami E da kuma ga mutumin da ga ball.
• E = _K1 (x 0,009 kg (300 m / s) ²⁾ 2 = 405 J;
• _K2 = E (x 60 kg (5 m / s) ²⁾ 2 = 750 J.
• E _K1

Amsa: A sanadin motsi makamashi na ball ne kasa da ɗan adam.

2. Jiki 10 kg an tashe shi zuwa tsawo na 10 m, bayan da aka saki. Abin da EC shi zai zama a wata tsawo na 5 m? Air juriya da aka yarda da za a bari.

Saboda haka, abin da muka aka bai: m = 10 kg. h = 10 m. ₁ h = 5 m. g = 9,81 N / kg. E _K1 -

bayani:

• A jikin ba taro, ya tashe su a wasu tsawo, da m makamashi ne: E _p = mgh. Idan jiki da dama, shi ne a wani tsawo h ₁ zai yi wani gumi. makamashi E = mgh _{da'awar 1} da kuma Kin. makamashi E _K1. Don yadda ya kamata samu sanadin motsi makamashi na dabara, wanda aka nuna a sama, bai yi aiki ba, sabili da haka warware matsalar bisa ga wadannan algorithm.
• A wannan mataki, za ka yi amfani da dokar kiyayewa da makamashi, da kuma ba za mu iya rubuta: E _n1 + E _K1 = E _n.
• Sa'an nan E _K1 = E _n - E _n1 = mgh - mgh ₁ = MG (HH _1).
• Musanya dabi'u a cikin dabara, mun samu: E = 10 x _K1 9,81 (10-5) = 490,5 J.

Amsa: E _K1 = 490,5 J.

3. A twin taro flywheel da ciwon wani taro m da radius R, an nannade a kusa da wani axis wucewa ta hanyar da cibiyar. Wrapping kusurwa gudu daga flywheel - ω. Domin dakatar da flywheel zuwa ta baki ne guga man da birki takalma aiki a kan shi tare da wani karfi F _gogayya. Yadda yawa juyin zai sa flywheel zuwa cikakken tasha? La'akari da cewa nauyin da flywheel ne a tsakiya a kan baki.

Saboda haka, abin da muka aka bai: m. R; ω. F _gogayya. N -?

bayani:

• A warware matsalar zaton wannan lokacinta flywheel jũya kama bakin ciki hoop da radius R kuma wani taro m, wanda ya jũya tare da wani mai kusurwa gudu ω.
• A sanadin motsi makamashi na jiki ne daidai to: E _wani = (J ω ²⁾ 2, inda J = m R ^2.
• Flywheel tsaya a nan ba a karkashin yanayin da cewa duk da ya ciyar a kan TBE aikin shawo kan gogayya karfi F _{gogayya generated} tsakanin birki takalma da kuma baki: _a E = F gogayya * s, inda s - ne da hana nesa, wanda yake shi ne daidai 2 πRN.
• Saboda haka, F * 2 _gogayya πRN = (M R ² ω ²⁾ 2 inda N = (m ω ² R): (4 π F MP).

Amsa: N = (mω ² R): (4πF _MP).

a ƙarshe

Energy - shi ne wani muhimmin bangaren da duk al'amurran rayuwa, saboda ba tare da shi, babu jiki ba za su iya yi da aiki, ciki har da mutane. Muna tunanin da labarin ku a fili da nuna cewa shi ne mai mulki, kuma wani cikakken bayanin duk fannoni na daya daga da aka gyara - sanadin motsi makamashi - zai taimake ka ka fahimci yawa matakai cewa faruwa a wannan duniya tamu. Kuma da yadda za a sami sanadin motsi makamashi, za ka iya koya daga misalai na dabarbari da kuma matsalar warwarewa na sama.