Sana'ar rubuce-rubuce na Ancient Misira

Rubuta zamanin d Misira aka dogara ne a kan hieroglyphs. Wadannan hadaddun haruffa sau da yawa aka kawai Sauki da stylized image na wani abu, ko kuma wani rai mai. Sana'ar rubuce-rubuce na zamanin d Misira - shaida na zamanin dā - a wani sabon lokaci gano a cikin ginshikan, ragowar Papyrus ginshikan, mutummutumai da kaburbura. Wannan ya faru a lokacin da Turai masu bincike gudanar da wani binciken na wannan m Oriental kasar.

Sunan "hieroglyphics" nasa ne da Helenawa. Sun mamaye a 332 BC a zamanin d ƙasashe karkashin jagorancin Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Daga Girkanci kalmar "harafin" yana nufin fassara "tsarki ya sassaka."

Kamar yadda masu bincike, da Masar rubuce-rubuce ne mafi kyau a duniya. A mafi kyau wani daga cikin mutane ba su iya haifar da. Amma a cikin 5th karni AD, hieroglyphic rubuce-rubuce na zamanin d Misira aka manta da kuma saboda mutane da yawa dubban shekaru, hudu haruffa kasance wani asiri har ga yan unguwa. A wannan yanayin, ba kawai a cikin wannan kasa amma ko ina a duniya babu wanda zai iya gane shi. Decipher da rubuce-rubuce na zamanin d Misira kokarin a cikin 16-17 ƙarni. Wannan matsala ta tun kokarin warware masana kimiyya da dama.

Tare da nau'i nau'i na wayewa aka rasa, da kuma key zuwa fahimtar tsoho hieroglyphic rubuce. A karshe tsoho hieroglyphs aka sassaka a 394 AD a game. Haikalin Isis a Philae. A mafi yawan 'yan sani rubutu shi ne Demotic rubutu 452 AD.

Babbar tarihi lokaci (game da uku da rabi millennia) aiwatuwa a cikin matani. Hakika, cikin wannan lokaci, da tsoho harshe na Misira canza. Masu bincike raba shi cikin biyar matakai na raya kasa:

- Old Masar harshen amfani a lokacin da Old Mulkin (28-23 karni BC ...);

- a lokacin daga 22 zuwa ƙarni na 16. BC Yana amfani da classic (sredneegipetsky) harshe;

- a lokacin da 16 -13 ƙarni. BC. e. - Late Masar harshe.

- demotic Masarawa amfani da 8 a cikin harshen. BC. e. 5 karni na mu zamanin.;

- 3-a. n. e an fara yin amfani da 'yan Koftik harshe.

Bayan da mamayewa na larabawa 'yan Koftik harshe a cikin 7th karni AD fara sannu a hankali ƙwace ta Larabci.

Rubuta Misira yana dauke, tare da Sumerian rubuce-rubucen, mafi tsufa a duniya. Ya kamata a lura da cewa daidai ne a matsayin al'ada na wannan zamanin da kasa, ya kafa isasshen a kan nasu. Number of hieroglyphic ãyõyi, ya fi na kowa - kusa da wani wuri da ɗari bakwai. Mutane daya-daya abubuwa na wasiƙa za a iya gano a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Wannan shi ne sun fi mayar dogara a kan lokaci da kuma a bangare ta da ikon da magatakarda. Wannan yanayin, da fari, da masu bincike kira a matsayin hieratic (cursive) rubuce.

Sami haruffa suna classified da alãmarsu. Nau'in Gardiner (English Egyptologist) yana dauke da za a karɓa.

Mutane a zamanin d Misira amfani uku rubuce-rubuce tsarin:

- hieratic,

- hieroglyphic

- kuma demotic.

Hieroglyphic tsarin farko, bayar da hotuna da kuma pictograms. Yana da aka yi amfani da tari na addini texts.

Hieratic tsarin da aka Sauki cursive nau'i na hieroglyphic tsarin. Yana da aka yi amfani da shiri na kasuwanci da kuma shari'a texts.

Wani irin tsarin da ya zama shorthand Demotic.

Fahimta rubutu Masar mutane ba su iya zama wani masanin kimiyya for kan 2000 shekaru. A Rosetta, kusa da Alexandria, a 1799, an gano da wani kananan basalt dutse. Yana da aka rubũtacce tare da wani umurnin Fir'auna Talomi ta biyar. A rikodi da aka yi a uku tsarin: hieroglyphic, demotic da Girkanci. Stone, mai suna Rosetta, ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci binciken ga masana kimiyya, Egyptologists, saboda shi dauke da key zuwa fahimtar tsoho wasika. Warware asiri na hieroglyphics a 1822 nasara Bafaranshen Zh.F.Shampolonu.