Roza Lyuksemburg: da rayuwa da mutuwa da mai neman sauyi

Kila da yawa sun ji ko karanta cewa a shekarar 2009 musamman flower aka kaddamar a Turai - ya tashi "Princess of Luxembourg." A taron da aka ƙare zuwa 18th ranar tunawa da Alexandra - Grand Duchy na sarauta ne. Amma a yau shi ke game da shi. Mazan mutane tuna cewa a cikin marigayi XIX da farkon karni XX ne irin wannan German neman sauyi da kuma m isa mutum wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samuwar kwaminisanci motsi a Turai. Sunanta ya baƙi da sunan mai kyau flower - Roza Lyuksemburg. Shekaru na rayuwa na wannan mace aka gaba ɗaya duqufar da gwagwarmayar da hakkoki da abubuwan da yanci ya na talakawa mutane. Shi ne game da ita, kuma za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Yahudawa iyali

Haife Rose (real name Rosalia) Maris 5, 1871 a Mulkin Poland Zamosc gari, a kan karkata daga cikin Rasha daular. Ta ya ta biyar yaro a wani iyali na m-Yahudawa katako m Elias Luxembourg. A yarinya mai kyau dalibi da ya kammala karatunsa tare da karrama daga daya daga Warsaw ta gymnasiums.

A wannan kusa-saƙa da Yahudawa iyali na ne ƙwarai, m na yara, musamman ƙarami rosettes, wanda aka kashe (sāke wuri na hip hadin gwiwa). Up zuwa shekaru 10 a jikinta shi ne rashin komowar da kuma musamman m tsari, ƙuƙuntacce ta ga gado, wani lokacin watanni da dama. Lokacin da ta girma, rashin lafiya janye, amma ya kasance yi ɗingishi. Don kadan boye wannan aibi, ta sa musamman takalma. A yarinya, ba shakka, damu ƙwarai game da lameness, don haka ba abin mamaki cewa a wannan ƙasa ta iya samar da wani yawan gidaje.

farko na hanya

Dole ne in ce cewa Roza Lyuksemburg, wanda biography da aka sani ga an yafi hade da gwagwarmaya ya fara nuna sha'awa a harkokin siyasa sosai a farkon, ko yayin karatu. Bayan kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare iyaye a kowane hanya muka yi kokarin dissuade ta daga wannan wajen m sha'awa, kuma ko da hayar ta ga mafi music malami. Suka har yanzu fatan cewa tsanani talented yarinya za ta manta game art da siyasa, amma Rose ya zama hanyar juyin juya halin, wanda bukata don gane dukan burinsu. Daga cikin sabon abokai ta kasance kan daidai gabãtarwar, tun babu wani daga cikinsu ya biya wani da hankali ga ta jiki aibi.

A karshen 1880. Mafi doka neman sauyi kungiyoyin sun fara shawo kan bambancin ra'ayi cewa an hade tare da zabin na hanyar. Af, shi ya riga ya bayyana a fili cewa ta'addanci ba za a iya kubutar da kiyaye kawai yan ta'adda. The girma na matasa kula ga istinbadi da hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya.

Roza Lyuksemburg da neman sauyi da'irar a cikin tsawon lokacin da anti-yan ta'adda rikici girma tsakanin membobinta, da kuma goya waɗanda suka yi tsanani a kan kashe-kashen da kuma taka leda a farfaganda da kuma agitation. Amma da 'yan ta'adda suna ci gaba da gudanar da wani ba bisa doka ba ayyuka, fiye da ba nasu DiSSiDENT jam'iyyar mambobi a hannun' yan sanda.

Shi ne saboda wannan riga a cikin shekaru 18 da haihuwa Rose aka tilasta boye daga zalunci da hukumomi domin su sa hannu a cikin karkashin kasa kungiyar "na proletariat". Ta yi hijira zuwa Switzerland, inda ta ci gaba ta ilimi a Jami'ar Zurich. Akwai, ta yi karatu dokar, falsafa da kuma siyasa da tattalin arziki.

farko soyayya

A shekaru ciyar a cikin shiru na Switzerland, Roza Lyuksemburg (ga photo. A review) tuna yadda farin ciki da murna a rayuwar ta. Ga ta ji a kwantar da hankula da kuma m. A Zurich, ta hadu da wani Leo Iogihesom, wanda nan da nan na son ta. Sun mutane ne sau da yawa sha'awar Rose, amma abin da ya yiwu hukunci mataki ko ya sanya - da dangantaka an rage kawai don magana game da manufofin da hadin gwiwa library ziyarar. Saboda haka, dole ne sai ta dauki himma da kanta da kuma bayyana masa da ƙaunarku.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa kafin Leo wani tabbatar da takardun shaidar, kuma ya mãsu sallamãwa ne kawai bayan wani rashin tsoro fitarwa Wardi. Ta kasance mai sosai mai kuzari mutum, amma sannu a hankali ya fara hangula wani mutum irrepressible aiki na 'yan mata, ba abin da cikin ayyukan da Iogihesa ya ba da sauki. Saboda haka, da sauƙi, ta zama m rikice-rikice faruwa a masoya. A karshe, Roza Lyuksemburg a University of Zurich brilliantly kare rubutun, da taki na bunkasa masana'antu a Poland. Wannan taron shi ne culmination da su jayayya.

Ta kasance mai alfahari da nasara, kamar yadda ta yi aiki da aka nuna yabo sosai sanannun furofesoshi, da kuma articles rubuta ta aka buga a reputable mujallolin na gurguzu lallashewa. Saboda haka, ta sunan da aka gane a duk faɗin Turai. Amma Leo da kansa bai ji farin ciki daga cikin nasarorin da Rose, da cikakken sanin cewa ya kasance a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wani musamman karfi mace, kuma wannan Jihar harkokin bai dace da shi a duk.

A farko ƙarshe

Ba da da ewa bayan Roza Lyuksemburg a bisa gayyatar da Socialist Party of Jamus ta amince ta shiga cikin gida zaben a matsayin agitator. Mace tsunduma a farfaganda a cikin Upper Silesia yankin, inda da yawa Dogayen sanda. Saboda haka, yana da matukar sauri iya samun amanar da Jamusanci socialists. A cikin wannan yanayi, ita aboki zama sauyi Clara Zetkin. Yana gabatar da Luxembourg da dansa, kazalika da shahara theoretician Karlom Kautskim. Bugu da kari, a nan a Jamus, a cikin 1901, ya tashi zuwa hadu da Vladimir Lenin.

Bayan farkon juyin juya halin Musulunci events a Rasha a 1905, ta zo a Warsaw, kuma shi ne rayayye shiga a cikin zanga-zangar da ayyuka na Yaren mutanen Poland ma'aikata. Bayan wani lokaci, da tsarist asirin 'yan sanda sarrafa kama da sa ta a kurkuku. Luxembourg gudanar akwai watanni da dama, yayin da a karkashin barazana da naƙudarta ko kisa. Duk da haka, godiya ga kokarin Jamus abokai a 1907 ta sake daga kurkuku, bayan da ta je Jamus domin mai kyau.

Personal rai

Domin su matsa zuwa cikin kasar domin dindindin zama, Rosa da Jamusanci dan kasa batun. The quickest hanyar yin wannan cikar mai aure da wata jama'a na wannan jiha. Luxembourg zama Gustav Lübeck m miji. A wannan shekara, wata mace ta fara wani dogon soyayya al'amarinsu tare da ɗan da ta aboki Clara Zetkin, Constantine. Wannan al'amari ya shaida game da 600 haruffa cewa an kiyaye wannan ranar.

Constantine ganin darajarsa da rashin tsoro da jawabai na ya farka, sai ta zahiri ya zama jagoranta a karatu Markisanci. Bayan shekaru biyar, da ma'aurata m up. Tun wannan lokacin, babu karin soyayya da harkokin ba ya fara Roza Lyuksemburg. Ta yara ba su sha'awar, domin shi bai taba daina shirya neman sauyi motsi, da kuma mata, a gaskiya, ba up to su.

Ayyukan a lokacin farko Duniya

A kan Hauwa'u na da yaki, a 1913, ga jawabin sanya da wani hanzari girma da sojojin kasar a Jamus, Luxembourg, aka kama domin shekara guda. Bayan barin kurkuku, ba ta dakatar da anti-yaki farfaganda. 1 ga watan Agusta, 1914, a lokacin da Kaiser na Jamus ayyana yaki kan Rasha Empire, Socialist ƙungiya, to, memba na majalisar kasar Jamus, zabi cikin ni'imar da shan soja rance. Luxembourg ne kawai kusa da kansa da irin wannan rashin tanadi da kuma abokan aiki tare da sabon shirkinku nan da nan halitta siyasa mujallar "Internationale." Rose bai da lokacin rubuta ta farko labarin wannan edition kamar yadda aka sake kama shi kuma ya sa a kurkuku a Berlin.

A watan Fabrairu 1915, shi sake da dama a cikin wurin da ake tsare for magana a wani taro da aka gudanar a Frankfurt am Main. A shekara daga baya, ta saki, amma watanni uku daga baya aka kama a sake. Wannan lokaci, ta ba a kan wani dogon lokaci - biyu da rabi shekaru. A wannan lokacin ta kasance ba matasa, kuma da marasa lafiya da kuma m, amma, la'akari da cewa mafi kyau likita ne aikin, Rose rubuta da yawa, a zaune a kurkuku.

Halittar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamus

Lokacin da yãƙi ya zo, ta sami wani mabiyin shigeba, na daya, kamar yadda ta kasance, a fuskar na neman sauyi Karla Libknehta. Tare, suka haifar da wani sabon shiri - "Spartacus League". A watan Disamba na shekarar 1918, an sake tare ya zama cikin wadanda suka kafa na Jamus jam'iyyar kwaminis.

A farko majalisa na sabon shiri Roza Lyuksemburg sanya wani rahoto, wanda aka quite mummunan soki Rasha Bolsheviks kafa kasar daya-ƙungiya mulkin kama karya da cewa, a cikin ra'ayi, rigidly tramples a mulkin demokra] iyya da yanci, kazalika da gudummawar da danniya dukkan jam'iyyun adawa.

M Rink juyin juya halin

Lokacin da mace ta sake samu daga kurkuku a 1918, wannan lokaci a Jamus ne riga a cike lilo bugãwa Nuwamba juyin juya halin. Control kan jama'a halin da ake ciki da aka gaba daya rasa, da kuma jini tsõro a zahiri zub daga cikin tituna, dauke da su da dukan fushi cewa ya tara a tsawon shekaru na yakin duniya na farko.

Kamar yadda aka sani, wani juyin juya halin shi ne m, a cewa shi ba ya raba mutane a dama da ba daidai ba, da kuma presses duk wanda ya zo karkashin ta na jini Rink. Kuma labarin Rosa Luxemburg ta da hujja. Ta zama daya daga cikin wadanda aka ci zarafinsu a matsayin su na da gwarazansa a cikin jam'iyyar, wanda ya yi gaggãwa da sauri, saboda haka yin magana, a kan m, rabu da troublesome da kuma abokan aiki ya zama nin.

Mutuwar wani sauyi

15 Janairu 1919 Luxembourg, tare da abokin aikinsa Karlom Libknehtom aka kama shi kuma dauka zuwa hotel "Adnin". A ƙofar zuwa cikin ginin ta hadu da wani taron hada gaba ɗaya sojoji da jami'an, wanda ya fara zubo da mace rantse kalmomi. Sa'an nan ta an hõre wani sosai m tambaya, bayan da shi, karkashin inuwar na gabatarwa a Moabit kurkuku, ya kai ga fita daga cikin hotel.

Lokacin da mace ya jagoranci tare da corridor, ta kai hari ta hanyar daya daga cikin sojoji, da kuma buga sau biyu a kai. Lokacin da ta fadi, da masu gadi tsince ta sama da ya kawo a cikin mota, inda duka ci gaba. Kisa na Rosa Luxemburg da ke cikin wannan mota, a kan hanyar zuwa kurkuku a lokacin karshe da doka sunã izgili da wata mace harbe ta tormentors, da kuma jiki jefa cikin ruwa Landverskogo tashar. Kawai 'yan watanni, wato 1 Yuni, ta saura da aka samu da kuma fished daga cikin ruwa. Revolutionary binne bayan 13 days a Berlin hurumi Friedrichsfelde.