Rashin ƙarfe-nickel-Copper: kaddarorin, GOST. Yi da allo-nickel allo. Tsaftace tsabar kudi daga jan karfe-nickel

Copper nasa ne da kungiyar da wadanda ba ferrous karafa. A cikin tsari mai tsabta yana da babban thermal da wutar lantarki, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani dashi mafi yawa a aikin injiniya na injiniya. Copper abu ne mai mahimmanci wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar matsa lamba a yanayin sanyi da zafi.

Don inganta na'ura, zane da kayan aiki na jan ƙarfe, ana amfani da mahadi da wasu ƙananan ƙarfe. Dangane da tsari na fusion, tsarin gyare-gyare na gyare-gyare yana canzawa, ƙarin shaidu yana tashi tsakanin ions da ƙwayoyin halitta. Wannan shine abin da ke ƙarfafa ƙarfin motsi idan aka kwatanta da karfe mai tsabta.

Me ya sa ake amfani da jan karfe tare da nickel?

Lokacin da alloying nickel ne babban alloying kashi. Yana da juriya mai laushi, sabili da haka, ana amfani dashi mafi yawa don hardening. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da jan ƙarfe, an kafa mafita mai ƙarfi. Gilashin nickel na Copper-nickel yana samo sabbin sababbin kaddarorin:

• Ƙara haɓakar zafi daga kayan abu;
• Hanyar zafin jiki na wutar lantarki yana ragu sosai;
• Akwai babban juriya ga lalatawa, musamman a cikin ruwan teku.

Ƙayyadewa

Abubuwan da ke da nauyin haɗin jan karfe-nickel sun dogara da yawan nickel da sauran abubuwa a cikinta. A halin yanzu, an halicci sababbin kayan musamman na musamman tare da halaye na musamman. Dangane da tafarkin aikace-aikacen, an raba su zuwa tsari da fasaha.

• Tsarin - yana da matsananciyar lalata da halayen ƙarfin. Abubuwan da suke samuwa daga gare su sunyi tsayayya ga yanayin haɗari. Wannan shi ne azurfa nickel, azurfa nickel da kunnuwa. Wani wuri dabam a cikin wannan jerin shine Monel, wanda abun da yake ciki da kuma nauyin abubuwa sune daban.
• Masana kimiyyar lantarki - suna haɓaka da ƙarfin jigilar lantarki da kuma kayan haɓaka na thermoelectric, ana amfani da su a aikin injiniya da injiniyar lantarki. Wannan shi ne mai sauya, manganin da copules.

Sanin abun da ke cikin sinadarai da halaye na jiki ya sa ya yiwu don ƙayyade ƙarfin jan ƙarfe na nickel a cikin ɗayan kungiyoyin.

Melchior

Ya ƙunshi game da 80% na jan ƙarfe, game da 20% nickel, kuma kuma kadan manganese da baƙin ƙarfe. Irin wannan kayan da aka sani ya kasance sananne ne ga mutanen da suka dawo a karni na III BC. E. kira "fari jan" saboda haske azurfa launi, wanda yayi kama da azurfa. Yana da halayen haɓaka mai girma, da kuma babban bangare na ƙarfin da kuma maganin juriya, haɗin jan karfe-nickel. Maganin narkewar yana kusan 1170 ° C. Kyakkyawan filastik yana baka damar karɓar samfurori daga ciki tare da matsa lamba. An yi amfani dasu wajen samar da na'urorin haɗi, yana samar da kayan aikin likita, kayan ado mai mahimmanci, cutlery, tsabar kudi.

Neusilber

Wannan haɗin jan karfe-nickel tare da ƙarin zinc, wanda yana da launin siliki, launi mai launi. Dangane da nau'in, zai iya ƙunsar har zuwa 35% nickel kuma har zuwa 45% zinc, sauran - jan ƙarfe. Irin wannan abun ciki na zinc yana rage yawan kudin da ya samar. Neusilber yana da ma'anar kayan aikin injiniya kamar nau'in nickel. Cunkushe mai lalacewa, mai dacewa, isasshen filastik don maganin zafi da sanyi ta matsa lamba.

Wani lokaci ana buƙatar da shi tare da gubar don yin amfani da kayan aiki. Mafi yawan shi an sanya shi ne daga ɓangarorin kayan kida, masu kyan gani, kayan kida. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa godiya ga kasuwa yanzu shi ne daga gare shi cewa sau da yawa fiye da kayan ado da aka yi daga azurfa, suna samar da kayan ado, lambobin yabo da lambobi. An yi amfani da Neusilber a cikin ginin enamel.

Cunial

Ya ƙunshi ginshiƙan tagulla, nickel - har zuwa 20%, kananan ƙaramin aluminum. An dakatar da shi a zafin jiki na 1183 ° C tare da ƙwaƙwalwa da tsufa, wanda ya sami karfi da ƙarfin ƙarfin hali. An rarraba shi a cikin jerin A (MNA13-3) da B (MNA 6-1,5).
Mark A yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci guda biyu - ƙarfin karfi da kuma tsayayya sosai ga lalatawa a cikin lalacewa. Misali, a cikin ruwan teku, ana iya amfani dashi shekaru da yawa. Sabili da haka, ana amfani da kayan haɗin don yin ƙananan sassa na manufofi (propellers).

Mark B yana da kayan mallaki, saboda haka ana amfani da shi don yin amfani da kayan haɓaka mai mahimmanci. Har ila yau, yana da matukar damuwa ga kinks a cikin sanyi. Yana samar da sassan tsarin da ke aiki a karkashin yanayin yanayin zafi.

Monel

Ya ƙunshi kashi biyu bisa uku na nickel da kashi ɗaya na uku na jan karfe. Sakamakon narkewa shine 1350 ° C. Babban abu na wannan ƙarfe jan karfe-nickel shine juriya ga lalata. Yana da kayan haɓaka mai mahimmanci - ƙarfi da filastik lalata. Misalin nau'in MUHIM ya ƙunshi kusan 28% na jan ƙarfe, 3% na baƙin ƙarfe, game da 3% na magnesium, karamin adadin cobalt da nickel.

Monel-400 yana da halaye iri ɗaya. Yana da alama na Ƙananan Harkokin Kasuwanci kuma an ba da izini a 1906. Saboda haka, wasu kamfanonin masana'antu baza su iya amfani da wannan sunan ba. Don haka akwai wani mota - Nicorros. Duk da haka, waɗannan kayan suna da nau'i a cikin dukkanin halayen sinadarai da fasaha. Tun da ƙwayar ta ƙunshi fiye da rabin nickel a cikin kashi, farashinsa yana da yawa. Duk da haka, akwai fasaha don samar da allurar jan karfe-nickel ta yin amfani da kayan albarkatun kasa daga nauyin sulhu na halitta tare da abun ciki na abubuwa guda biyu, ba tare da rabuwa cikin sassa daban daban ba. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu a rage yawan farashin samfurin karshe.

Ana amfani da Monel don samar da kayan da ake amfani dashi a yanayin da ke ciki, yanayin yanayin ƙaruwa mai ƙaruwa. Wannan ginin gine-gine, sinadarai da man fetur, samar da kayan kiwon lafiya, sassan kayan aiki da na'urori.

Constantan

Yana da farin launi tare da halayyar launin rawaya. Tsarin ya hada da: jan karfe -59%; Nickel - 39-41%; Manganese - 1-2%. Ruwan fuska 1260 ° C. Wannan haɗin jan karfe-nickel ya samu sunansa saboda ainihin dukiya - zaman lafiya na thermal. Yana da dabi'u masu tsayayyar wutar lantarki mai kyau da ƙananan tasirin haɓakar ƙarfin haɓakar wutar. Ramin na shi ne don yin waya don thermocouples, a cikin samar da kayan ƙera kayan aiki, kazalika da kayan wutar lantarki masu aiki a yanayin zafi har zuwa digiri 400-500.

An sanya waya ta tsawon lokaci ta hanyar magani na musamman, sakamakon abin da karfe a kan fuskarsa ya samar da fim din mai zafi. Mun gode da wannan, samfurin bazai buƙatar ƙarin lalacewa ko kayan shafa ba. Constantan yana filastik. Wannan dukiya yana sa ya yiwu a yi amfani da ita lokacin da walda jan ƙarfe-nickel.

Rashin haɓakar mai ci gaba shine mai yawa EMF - kimanin 43 μV. Wannan yana watsar da amfani da waya da tefuri daga gare shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun na'urori masu aunawa.

Manganin

Ya ƙunshi kimanin kashi 5% na nickel, 12% manganese da maɓallin jan karfe. Sakamakon narkewa shine 960 ° C. Abin sha'awa shi ne, Amurkawa Edward Venston ta kirkiro kayan aikin ne a cikin kimanin 1888 bisa ga mai kirkiro wanda aka kirkiro a matsayin kayan na musamman don fitarwa na kayan aiki na lantarki. Yana da haɓakar lantarki mai mahimmanci, kazalika da ƙarancin EMF mai mahimmanci tare da jan ƙarfe (ba fiye da 1 μV) ba, wanda ya bambanta shi daga ma'auni.

Don rage yawan ƙarfin zafin jiki na juriya, ana amfani da waya mai nauyin nau'i a yanayin zafi na kimanin digiri 600 a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi, sa'an nan kuma a hankali ya sanyaya. Wannan fasaha ya ba ka damar ƙara yawan zafin jiki wanda abin da kayan ke riƙe da kayan lantarki, har zuwa 200 ° C. An riga an raunata waya da aka ragu a cikin akwati akai akai akai zuwa 150 ° C. Wannan ya haifar da sakamako na tsufa, bayan haka an rage yawan canje-canje a tsarin gyaran kafa na karfe.

Babban sashe na aikace-aikacen manganin a matsayin kayan abu tare da ƙananan alamun resittive kayan lantarki yana samar da kayan aiki da dama don ƙayyade halin lantarki (halin yanzu, ƙarfin lantarki, iko).

Kopel

Wani karami na musamman. Ya ƙunshi jan ƙarfe, 43% nickel, wasu baƙin ƙarfe da manganese. Ruwan fuska 1290 ° C. Saboda tsarin mafi kyau na rashin ƙarfi da ƙananan ƙarancin ƙa'ida, kuma an haɗa su tare da wasu ƙananan ƙarfe, ana amfani da haɗin don yin igiyoyi don thermocouples da nau'o'in lantarki. Ƙididdigar haɗakarwar haɓakar ta jiki ta ƙara haɓaka da yanayin aiki:

• A 100 digiri Celsius - 6.95V;
• A 600 zuwa 49V.

Kwafi sunyi zafi sosai - ba tare da keta komai ba wanda zai iya jure wa dumama har zuwa digiri 600 kuma yana da alaƙa ga lalata.
Ana amfani da Kopel a cikin thermocouples na firikwensin na'urori don wadanda ba su da lambar sadarwa. Suna amfani da thermocouples tare da matsakaicin TEPS - tare da chromium, jan ƙarfe ko baƙin ƙarfe. Wadannan abubuwa sune zaɓuɓɓuka masu mahimmanci, da kuma ƙuƙwalwa. Ana amfani da thermocouple kopel-chromel da yawa a cikin kwakwalwa don kulawa akai-akai game da tsarin zafin jiki a cikin kewayon daga 200 zuwa 600 digiri a cikin masana'antu da kuma dakunan gwaje-gwaje.

Tsarin narkewa

A cikin samar da allo-nickel allo, akwai wasu na'urorin da suka dace. An yi amfani da tsohuwar mikiya, neisilber, kunial, mintan, manganin a cikin bugun daji a karkashin wani launi na murmushi. Bugu da žari ga cajin sharar gida an yarda har zuwa 80%.

Tsarin narkewa yana farawa tare da jan karfe da nickel. Yayinda suke narkewa, an kara raguwa a cikin manyan ƙananan, sai ƙananan. A karshe an ɗora shi da zinc. Bayan gyarawar karshe na caji, manganese da silicon (azurfa nickel) sune deoxidized, ko silicon da manganese (constantan da cupronickel). Bayan haka, an cire dukkanin slag daga farfajiya na narkewa kuma an kara karin gawayi. Yanke murfin da ya wuce zuwa 1300 ° C, ƙara manlorese chloride don sakewa, idan ya cancanta.

Kayan fasaha na dafa abinci kunialy ya bambanta kaɗan, tun da sun ƙunshi aluminum. Kafin gabatarwar aluminum, 0.1% na manganese don deoxidation dole ne a kara da shi a narkewa. Kuma bayan an shayar da aluminum, an yayyafa fuska da narkewa tare da hawan. Idan ba a yi wannan ba, an kafa fina-finai daga abin da melt ba ya da kyau don zuwan.

Kasuwanci, kayan jiki da tsari sun ƙayyade yawan aikace-aikacen da ke da nau'o'i daban-daban na nickel. GOST 492-73, GOST 5063-73, GOST 5187-70, GOST 5220-78, GOST 17217-79, GOST 10155-75 su ne ainihin ka'idoji don samar da su.

Gudanar da tsabar kudi

Yawanci daga ƙarshen karni kafin ya wuce, tsabar kudi na jan karfe-nickel sun kasance a ko'ina. Abun da ke ciki ya bambanta a cikin minti daban-daban. Amma yana dauke da shi har zuwa 30% nickel, ƙananan ƙarancin baƙin ƙarfe da jan ƙarfe a matsayin tushe. Tun da karfe don tsabar tsabar gari ya kamata ya kasance mai laushi, mai sauƙi, rashin ci gaba da rashin tsada, abun da aka haɗa da aljihun ƙwallon an ƙaddara a hanya mai mahimmanci. Daga bisani, mafi yawan mashahuri don yin tsabar kudi an yi amfani dashi na cin abinci.

Kayan kuɗin Rasha na yau da kullum an yi daga allo. Musamman, tsabar kudi, aka bayar kafin 2009, an yi su ne da azurfa nickel. Kayan tsabar azurfa da nauyin fuska guda ɗaya da biyar da jan karfe tsabar tsabar gari guda biyar an rufe shi da nau'in nau'i na azurfa nickel. Irin wannan abu an kira "bimetal". Saboda haka farashin kayan aiki na ƙananan kuɗi yana karuwa da yawa.

Alloys of jan karfe da nickel suna da sauƙi mai saukin kamuwa da shi a iska. Saboda haka, alamarta za a iya samuwa ne kawai a kan tsabar kudi, ko waɗanda suka dade suna cikin yanayi mai tsanani. Masu binciken masana kimiyya da magunguna suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don tsaftace tsabar tsabar kudi - daga ƙididdigar mutane zuwa fasaha masu tasowa.
Ana wankewa tare da sabulu maganin kawar da takaddun fata kawai. Ana amfani da man zaitun, acetic acid, gurasar Goya. Ya kamata a tuna cewa wadannan kudade ba za su iya kawar da takarda kawai ba, amma kuma su yi tare da haɗin kanta kanta, har ma ta kashe tsabar kudin. Mafi mahimmanci, mai sauƙi da azumi shine tsaftace tsabar tsabar kudi daga jan karfe-nickel ta hanyar electrolysis.