Pentameter - shi ... iambic, trochee, amphibrach

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu gaya muku game da pentameter, da kuma sauran poetic takaice masu girma dabam. Mun farko ayyana key Concepts cewa za a yi amfani da rubutu.

A kari ne sauti Gininsu, wanda yana da ayar line. Wannan shi ne wani janar ordering na poetic magana. Meter ne na musamman hali na da kari. Wannan na yau da kullum canzawar unstressed kuma jaddada syllables (kasawan da karfi) a cikin waka, da janar makirci na ta sauti kari.

Girman ne a wasu hanya sauti kungiyar wakoki. wannan batu mun riga aka bayyana a mita. Alal misali, iambus iya rubuce hada da wani zabin daga odnostopnogo zuwa dvenadtsatistopnogo da kuma free. Girman a syllabic versification, za mu iya sanin yawan syllables a tonic - idan akai la'akari da yawan gajiyan, kuma syllabic-tonic da kuma wani tsarin awo - yawan ƙafafunsu kuma mita (iambic, trochee, amphibrach et al.).

A etymology na kalmar "pentameter"

Amsoshin tambayoyi game da asalin na lokaci ban sha'awa. The kalmar "pentameter" - shi ne sunan wani tsoho Greek m kayan aiki. Yana nufin a cikin gargajiya awo dissyllabic, sauki trehmornuyu kafar (short dogon syllable +). A prosody syllabo- tonic (Rasha, misali) - a + unstressed syllable. Har ila yau, ya kira iambic aya, wanda ya kunshi iambic mita.

Etymology ba daidai kafa. Iambic Chants, kamar yadda muka sani, shi ne wani ɓangare na musamman haihuwa bikin, wanda aka gudanar a cikin girmamawa Demeter.

Wannan lokaci da ake dangantawa da sunan Iambs, baranya Kehl, Eleusinian sarki. Bisa ga labari, da yarinya na batsa waqe kayatar Demeter, wanda inconsolably ko'ina bincike ta 'yar Persephone. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu cewa sunan Yamba - amsa kuwwar da tsoho kalmar da batsa ma'anar.

Pentameter a tsufa

A shayari na tsufa da ya fi na kowa iri iambic ya trimeter da Sénart. Senart hada da shida iambic ƙafafunsa. Nau'i na biyu, trimeter ma yana da (kira dipodies biyu kafar) kunshi shida iambic ƙafafunsa, wanda aka harhada a nau'i-nau'i. Biyu haske syllables a tsoho versification za a iya maye gurbinsu da wani nauyi daya, da kuma mataimakin versa, na iya zama da wuya a maye gurbin biyu huhu. A ainihin yi, daga wannan zaton da aka haife wata babbar dama iambic shayari. Poems rubuta data size, shi ne mafi kamar kowa a yau da kullum jawabin da amfani don haka m ba a cikin almara Genre, kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma lyrics (a comedies, bala'in, tãtsũniyõyin).

A Girkanci iambus awo - a tasha dissyllabic kunshi farko da na biyu short syllable dogon. Yana ba ya zaton anakrusy m tsarin rubutu na zamanin d Girkawa, don haka da kari ya ko dai zuwa gaba (watau iambic) ko zuwa ƙasa (watau trochaic).

Pentameter da ferrets

Pentameter da ferrets a zamanin d awo ana tare kira a tasha zuwa iambic kari kan cewa pentameter ya fi m (kuma ya gana da haka nisa) fiye da ferrets.

Ferrets - shi ne ma mai Greek lokaci samu daga kalmar "dance tune", kazalika da nuna "size", "choral kafar." A syllabic-tonic ayar fi amfani - da kuma chetyrehstopnym shestistopny, kuma daga tsakiyar karni na 19th fara da za a yi amfani da matsayin iambic trochee.

Kuma pentameter, kuma ferrets ne binary mita. A chorea da girmamawa ne a kan ta farko syllable a iambic - a kan na biyu.

Uku-syllable poetic girma

Dissyllabic masu girma dabam mun sake nazari. Yanzu 'yan kalmomi game da uku-syllable. Amphibrach kunshi uku feet, da lafazi a farko syllable. Mafi na kowa size of m accentual-syllabic ayar - chetyrehstopnym (farkon karni na 19th), kazalika da trehstopny (tun tsakiyar karni na 19th). Dactyl - shi ne ma mai ternary mita, amma tare da lafazi a kan na farko da anapaest - karshe na uku.

Pentameter a Rasha adabi

A farko ambaci shi a cikin kasar a cikin adabi, da muka samu a cikin da aka buga a 1619 littafin Smotritsky mai taken "Grammar ...". Duk da haka, ajalin poetics, wanda yana nufin wani musamman size of aya, iambic fara bayyana a kasar mu ne kawai bayan da msar tambayar aikin gudanar da V. Trediakovskij. Babu waqe a Rasha sillabistov rubuta data size. A Rasha na farko iambic ayoyin da aka halitta Trediakovskij.

Pentameter wannan chetyrehstopnym. Sa'an nan da girman da amfani da hadisin ya ci gaba. Alal misali, Lomonosov hada wani Ode a cikinsa amfani pentameter - waqe sadaukar da shan Khotin, da Turkish sansanin soja.

iambic tetrameter

Don wannan rana, na duk iambic masu girma dabam a Rasha shayari ne fi so - shi chetyrehstopnym. Aƙalla 80-85 bisa dari na cikin gida da kasida waqe da aka rubuta da shi. Wannan size na aya da ya tsirfanta da widest shahararsa ba sosai saboda rhythmic jirgin ruwa tsari, wanda aka saba da poetic magana a Rasha, amma saboda na kafa al'adar din taro amfani da fari babban kasida - V. Petrov, M. Lomonosov, Derzhavin, da kuma kadan daga baya, da kuma A. Pushkin, kuma E. Baratynsky (ga. photo).

Shi ne ma rare a cikin 18th da kuma farkon 19th ƙarni shestistopny iambus halin m bukukuwan kari. Shi ne kasa yarda a Rasha lyrics, amma a Theatrical plays - canonical ayar size (tare da rashi na rhyme). A ware ne "Bone ya tabbata daga wit" Griboyedov, kazalika da wasan kwaikwayo "dodo" daga alkalami na M. Lermontov, wanda ya rubuta free ayar. pentameter size na Futurists, same su quite rare, halin da m 'yan adawa na daban-daban gomofonicheskih motsa da minted phonemes. Iamb iambic amfani da waqe-waqe, halin da m tsari, kamar wani octave, Sonnet et al. Quite rare trehstopny (yafi kasida game da haila daga cikin na farko na uku na karni na 19th). Mafi cigaban stihovedcheskoy adabi ka'idar ne iambic tetrameter. Yana iya a lura da bincike na Shengeli B. Tomaszewski, A. White.

Shin akwai dvustopnye da odnostopnye iambic a syllabic-tonic versification?

Dvustopnyh da odnostopnyh iambs ba ya wanzu, saboda su ne ba zai yiwu ba rhythmological: wani mafarki ko dvustopnosti odnostopnosti halitta saboda da taqaitaccen rhyme. Alal misali, wani mawãƙi Bryusov ĩmãni kuskure odnostopnymi iambs ya waka.

Pentameter ya zahiri amphibrach. Yana faru yiwuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa idan wadannan ayoyi rikodin featured a kan Daddy raba Lines, ka samu wani na gani kama odnostopnogo pentameter.

Mnogostopnye iambic

Shestistopny pentameter - shi ne yawanci na biyu shestidolnik da monosyllabic anakruzy.

Mnogostopnye mafi yawa da aka tsara Aleksandrom Sergeevichem Pushkinym.

Yana za a iya bayar da hujjar cewa kafin shi babu iambic pentameter. Waka (iambic) "The Gabrieliad" - na farko da aikin rubuta shi. Alexander aka sosai rigoristichen dangane da duk abin da abin ya shafa da gabatarwar da wata aya daga cikin magana da harshen. Shi ne m cewa Sahaban yi magana da Cantemir da gõde ne saboda ganin cewa ya dauki ayar magana da harshen zamani sau da shi.

Analogs iambic size a jama'a shayari

Ko da yake da girman da pentameter da aka gabatar a cikin Soviet adabi godiya ga gyare-gyare da Trediakovsky University, jama'a shayari ya ɓullo da kansa daga tasirin littattafai ko yamma asali girma, daga cikinsu akwai ƙa'ida kusa da iambic chetyrehstopnym. Ya kira chetyrehdolnik biyu. A cikin wannan aya, da waka da aka rubuta, halitta Nekrasov, mai taken "wanda yake zaune To a Rasha".