Oxygen Formula. Lokaci-lokaci tebur - oxygen

Chemical kashi oxygen adana a karo na biyu lokaci VI-th babban rukuni na rabu amfani da wani short version na lokaci-lokaci Table. A cewar sabon lambobin matsayin - ne 16th kungiyar. The m shawarar da aka sanya ta IUPAC a shekarar 1988. Oxygen a matsayin mai sauki abu na dabara - Ya _2. La'akari da babban Properties, rawa a cikin yanayi da kuma tattalin arziki. Mun fara da bayanin irin dukan kungiyar na lokaci-lokaci tsarin, wanda yana gangarawa ta oxygen. Sinadarin bambanta daga ta congeners da ciwon da chalcogen, da kuma ruwa ne daban-daban daga hydrogen da mahadi na sulfur, selenium da tellurium. A bayani na duk hallmarks da za a samu, kawai su koyi game da tsarin da kaddarorin da zarra.

Chalcogens - related abubuwa oxygen

Similar Properties daga cikin sunadaran samar da wata guda tara a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Oxygen yana gangarawa ta iyali na chalcogens, amma ya bambanta daga gare su a wani kadarori da dama.

A atomic taro na oxygen - magabacin kungiyar - shi ne 16 a. .. E m chalcogen mahadi tare da samuwar hydrogen da karafa nuna su al'ada hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar -2. Alal misali, hada da ruwa (H ₂ Ya) hadawan abu da iskar shaka yawan oxygen ne -2.

Abun da ke ciki na hankula hydrogen chalcogen mahadi daga cikin janar dabara: H ₂ R. A rushe wadannan abubuwa suna kafa acid. Kawai hydrogen bonding oxygen - ruwa - na da musamman Properties. Bisa ga binciken masana kimiyya, wannan abu ne sabon abu da kuma sosai rauni acid, da kuma wani sosai rauni tushe.

Sulfur, selenium da tellurium da hankula m hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar (+4, +6) a mahadi tare da oxygen da kuma sauran wadanda ba karafa da ciwon high electronegativity (eo). Abun da ke ciki chalcogen oxides daidai da janar dabara: RO _2, RO _3. Bã su da wani abun da ke ciki m acid: H ₂ RO _3, H ₂ RO _4.

Abubuwa dace sauki abubuwa: oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium da polonium. A farko uku mambobi nuna ƙarfe Properties. Oxygen Formula - About _2. Allotropic gyara daga cikin wannan kashi - lemar sararin samaniya (Ya _3). Dukansu versions ne gas. Sulfur kuma selenium - M maras karafa. Tellurium - metalloid abu, wani shugaba na lantarki halin yanzu, polonium - karfe.

Oxygen - cikin mafi yawan kashi

A duka abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta na kashi a cikin duniya a ɓawon burodi ne game da 47% (by nauyi). Oxygen da aka samu a free tsari, ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na mahara sadarwa. Simple abu, wanda dabara na Yã ₂ ne a cikin abun da ke ciki na yanayi, constituting 21% iska (ta girma). Kwayoyin sunadarin oxygen da aka narkar a ruwa, shi ne tsakanin ƙasa barbashi.

Mun riga san cewa akwai wani irin zama na wannan sinadari a cikin wani nau'i na sauki abu. Wannan lemar sararin samaniya - gas kafa a game da 30 km daga surface Layer, sau da yawa ake kira lemar sararin samaniya allo. Mamaye oxygen shiga cikin ruwa kwayoyin a cikin da yawa kankara da kuma ma'adanai, Organic mahadi.

Structure oxygen zarra

Lokaci-lokaci tebur ƙunshi cikakken bayani game da oxygen:

1. A serial number na kashi - 8.
2. nukiliya cajin - +8.
3. A total number of electron - 8.
4. Lantarki oxygen dabara - 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^4.

A yanayi, akwai uku barga isotopes, wanda da wannan jerin lamba a cikin lokaci-lokaci Table, wani m abun da ke ciki na protons da electrons, amma wata lambar daban na neutrons. Isotopes ana denoted da wannan alama - O. Don kwatanta ginshiƙi nuna abun da ke ciki na uku oxygen isotopes:

Properties na oxygen - wani sinadari mai

A 2p sublevel zarra yana da biyu unpaired electrons, wanda ya bayyana bayyanar hadawan abu da iskar shaka -2 da +2. Biyu guda biyu electrons ba zai iya cire haɗin, zuwa mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka karu zuwa hudu kamar yadda a cikin sulfur da kuma sauran chalcogenides. A dalilin - rashin free sublayer. Saboda haka, mahadi na sinadari bai nuna oxygen valence da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar daidaita kungiyar lambar a short version na lokaci-lokaci tsarin (6). Average hadawan abu da iskar shaka da lambar shi ne -2 a gare shi.

Kawai tare da sunadarin flourine mahadi farfado oxygen uncharacteristic m hadawan abu da iskar shaka Jihar +2 a gare shi. Eo darajar biyu daban-daban karfi nonmetals: EA (D) = 3.5. EE (F) = 4. Kamar yadda wani mafi electronegative kashi, fluoro karfi rike ta valence electrons da kuma janyo hankalin da barbashi don wani waje makamashi matakin da oxygen zarra. Saboda haka, a dauki tare da sunadarin flourine shi ne oxygen rage wakili hasarar electrons.

Oxygen - mai sauki abu

D. English bincike Priestley a 1774 a cikin shakka daga gwaje-gwajen gano iskar gas da bazuwar na Mercury oxide. Shekaru biyu baya, wannan abu a cikin tsarki tsari ya K. Scheele. Kawai 'yan shekaru baya, Faransa sunadarai Antoine Lavoisier gano cewa for gas ne wani ɓangare daga cikin iska, da kuma karatu Properties. Chemical oxygen dabara - Ya _2. Tafakkuri rikodin abun da ke ciki na al'amarin electrons musharaka cikin samuwar wani maras iyakacin duniya covalent bond - Ya Yã ::. Sauya kowane bonding electron biyu da daya line: Yã = O. Irin wannan oxygen dabara a fili ya nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin suna da nasaba da biyu kowa electron nau'i-nau'i.

Yi sauki lissafin da kuma sanin abin da yake cikin zumunta kwayoyin taro na oxygen: Mr (Ya ₂₎ = Ar (Ya) x 2 = 16 x 2 = 32. Don kwatanta: Mr (. Air) = 29. Oxygen Chemical dabara ya bambanta daga lemar sararin samaniya daya oxygen zarra. Saboda haka, Mr (Ya ₃₎ = Ar (Ya) x 3 = 48. lemar sararin samaniya a oxygen ne 1.5 sau mutum.

jiki Properties

Oxygen - a gas ba tare da launi, dandano da wari (a misali zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba daidai yanayi matsa lamba). The abu ne dan kadan heavier fiye da iska. narkewa a cikin ruwa, amma a kananan yawa. Narkewa batu oxygen ne korau kuma shi ne -218,3 ° C. A batu a wadda ruwa oxygen yana tuba da baya cikin gas - ne ta tafasar zazzabi. Domin Yã ₂ kwayoyin darajar wannan jiki yawa kai -182,96 ° C. The ruwa da kuma m oxygen zama wani haske-blue color.

Samun oxygen a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje

Lokacin da ya kona, oxygen-dauke da abubuwa irin su potassium permanganate, an ware wani colorless iskar gas wanda za a iya tattara a cikin wani flask ko bututu. Idan ka yi a m oxygen mika wutar lit, shi konewa mafi haske fiye da a cikin iska. Biyu sauran awon hanya domin samar da oxygen - bazuwar na hydrogen peroxide da potassium chlorate (potassium chlorate). La'akari da kewaye na'urar, wanda ake amfani da thermal bazuwar.

A wani gwajin tube ko a zagaye-bottomed flask wajibi ne a zuba mai kadan potassium chlorate, rufe marufi da wani gas kanti tube. Its m karshen kamata a aika (karkashin ruwa) inverted juye a cikin flask. The wuyansa ya kamata a tsallake a cikin wani gilashi ko mold cika da ruwa. Lokacin da mai tsanani oxygen da aka saki daga tube chlorate gishiri. Kamar yadda shi shiga cikin tururi tube cikin flask, wuce ruwa daga gare ta. Lokacin da kwan fitila mai cike da gas, ta rufaffiyar karkashin ruwa stoppered da inverted. Samu a wannan gwajin, oxygen za a iya amfani da su karatu da sinadaran Properties daga cikin sauki abu.

gõbara

Idan awon daukawa fitar da konewa daga abubuwa a oxygen, shi wajibi ne su san da kuma cika shi da wuta da dokokinta. Hydrogen aka combusted instantaneously a cikin iska, gauraye da oxygen a cikin wani rabo na 2: 1, shi ne m. abubuwa konewa a tsarkake oxygen ne yafi tsanani fiye da a cikin iska. Wannan bayani da sabon abu na iska abun da ke ciki. Oxygen a cikin yanayi ne kadan fiye da 1.5 sassa (21%). Konewa - a dauki abubuwa da oxygen, da kuma sakamakon daban-daban kayayyakin, yafi oxides da karafa da kuma nonmetals. Oxidising cakuda Yã ₂ tare da flammable abubuwa, a Bugu da kari, sakamakon mahadi iya zama guba.

Konewa al'ada kyandir (ko ashana) tare da samuwar carbon dioxide. Wadannan gwaji za a iya yi a gida. Idan abu don a ƙona hadayu a karkashin gilashin kwalba ko wani babban ƙoƙo, konewa zai gushe sau daya duk da oxygen aka cinye. Nitrogen ba ya goyon bayan numfashi da kuma konewa. Carbon dioxide - hadawan abu da iskar shaka samfurin - ba reacts tare da oxygen. M limewater iya gane gaban carbon dioxide a kan kona kyandir. Idan konewa kayayyakin ratsa cikin alli hydroxide, da mafita zama m. Sunadarai dauki auku tsakanin lemun tsami da ruwa da carbon dioxide, samu insoluble alli carbonate.

Shiri na oxygen a kan wani m sikelin

A mafi arha tsari, a cikin abin da kwayoyin an samu free of iska Yã _2, ba a hade tare da dauke da fitar sinadaran halayen. A masana'antu, misali, a karfe Mills, da iska a low zafin jiki da kuma high matsa lamba liquefied. Irin manyan yanayi gyara irin yadda oxygen da kuma nitrogen, tafasa a daban-daban yanayin zafi. Rarrabe a cikin iska cakuda da hankali Warming a yanayi zazzabi. Da farko, nitrogen kwayoyin suke da daraja, sa'an nan oxygen. Hanyar rabuwa dangane daban-daban jiki Properties na sauki abubuwa. Formula sauki abu na oxygen ne guda kamar yadda yake a gaban sanyaya kuma liquefaction na iska, - Ya _2.

A sakamakon haka, wasu daga electrolysis halayen, ma, oxygen, an tattara a kan daidai lantarki. Gas bukatun masana'antu, gina kamfanoni a babban kundin. Oxygen bukatar ne kullum girma, musamman yana bukatar shi da sinadaran masana'antu. Adana samfurin gas ga masana'antu da kuma kiwon lafiya dalilai a karfe cylinders, sanye take da wani alama. An oxygen tank stained a blue ko blue color a rarrabe shi daga sauran liquified gas - nitrogen, methane, ammonia.

Chemical lissafin dangane dabarbari da lissafai da halayen shafe Yã ₂ kwayoyin

The lamba darajar da matauni taro na oxygen daidai da wani yawa - zumunta kwayoyin taro. Kawai a cikin farko idan, akwai raka'a. A takaice dabara oxygen abu da kuma ta kwayoyin nauyi dole a rubuta kamar: M (Ya ₂₎ = 32 g / mol. Karkashin al'ada yanayi mole na wani gas girma yayi dace da 22,4 lita. Saboda haka, 1 mol na Yã ₂ - shi ne 22,4 lita abu 2 moles Yã ₂ - 44,8 lita. Bisa ga lissafi na dauki tsakanin hydrogen da oxygen za a iya gani cewa amsa 2 moles na hydrogen da daya mole na oxygen:

Idan play na dauki na 1 mol na hydrogen, da oxygen adadin 0.5 mol • 22,4 l / mol = 11.2 lita.

Rawar da ya ₂ kwayoyin a cikin yanayi da kuma rayuwar mutum

A oxygen ta cinye rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a duniya, kuma an da hannu a cikin wurare dabam dabam na abubuwa a wuce haddi na 3 shekaru biliyan. Wannan shi ne babban abu ga numfasawa da metabolism, shi zai iya decompose gina jiki kwayoyin hada da jiki yana bukatar makamashi. Oxygen ne kullum cinyewa a duniya, amma ta reserves suna bayansa ta hanyar photosynthesis. Rasha masanin kimiyya K. Timiryazev yi imani da cewa saboda wannan tsari a can shi ne har yanzu rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu.

Great ne rawar da oxygen a yanayin da tattalin arzikin:

• tunawa a lokacin numfasawa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.
• da hannu a cikin halayen da photosynthesis a tsirrai.
• ɓangare na kwayoyin kwayoyin.
• lalata tafiyar matakai, fermentation, rusting faruwa tare da sa hannu na oxygen hidima a matsayin oxidant.
• amfani ga kira na Organic kayayyakin.

A liquefied oxygen cylinders ana amfani da yankan da kuma waldi karafa a high yanayin zafi. Wadannan matakai suna da za'ayi a cikin na'ura-gini shuke-shuke, a kai da kuma yi kamfanonin. Domin aiki a karkashin ruwa, boye, a high tsawo a wani wuri mutane kuma bukatar da Ya ₂ kwayoyin. Oxygen tankuna ana amfani da magani to wadãtar da abun da ke ciki na iska inhaled da mutanen da suke da rashin lafiya. Gas na likita dalilai, halin da kusan cikakkiyar rashin fasaha impurities, wari.

Oxygen - cikakken oxidizer

Known oxygen fili da dukkan sinadaran abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tebur, sai dai da farko wakilan da iyali na rare gas. Mutane da yawa abubuwa kai tsaye amsa tare da oxygen kwayoyin halitta, ban da halogens, zinariya da platinum. Na bayar da muhimmanci ne mamaki shafe oxygen, wanda suna tare da a saki haske da zafin rana. Irin wannan tafiyar matakai an yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin gida da kuma masana'antu. Da karfe ores maida martani tare da oxygen kira da harbe-harben. Pre-ƙasa tama da ya garwaya da oxygen-wadãtar da iska. A high yanayin zafi da dawo da karafa daga sulfide zuwa sauki abubuwa. Kamar wancan samu baƙin ƙarfe da kuma wasu wadanda ba ferrous karafa. A gaban tsarki oxygen kara habaka da kudi na samar da matakai daban-daban a cikin rassan sunadarai, aikin injiniya da kuma metallurgy.

Bayyanar wani cheap hanya domin samar da oxygen daga iska ta rabuwa da aka gyara a cikin at low zazzabi, ya kara kuzari da ci gaban yankunan da yawa daga masana'antu samar. Chemists yi imani kwayoyin Yã ₂ da kuma Yã atoms manufa oxidizing jamiái. Wadannan su ne halitta kayan, suna kullum sabunta a cikin yanayi, ba ƙazantar da yanayi. Bugu da kari, sinadaran halayen shafe oxygen sau da yawa kawo karshen tare da kira na haka wani halitta da kuma hadari da samfur - ruwa. Rawar da ya ₂ a kau da guba masana'antu sharar gida ruwa tsarkakewa daga impurities. Bugu da ƙari kuma oxygen da ake amfani da disinfection na ta allotropic gyare-gyare - lemar sararin samaniya. Wannan sauki abu ya mallaka high oxidizing aiki. Lokacin da ruwa ozonization decompose pollutants. Lemar sararin samaniya ne ma detrimental sakamako a kan pathogenic microflora.