Orleans, Faransa: Tarihi da abubuwan da ke gani

Orleans, Faransa - daya daga cikin birane mafi girma, wanda ya kasance na biyu mafi muhimmanci a kasar, ya zama shahararren nasarar nasarar Ingilishi, wanda shugaban Jeanne d'Arc ya shahara. Yanzu birni babban masana'antu ne, kayan shan giya da turare na Faransa. Yana janyo hankalin masu yawon shakatawa da tarihinsa mai kyau da kuma wuraren gine-gine.

Tarihin Orleans

Masu kafa birnin sune kabilun Gauls, wanda ya gina shi a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a kan Loire River kuma ya yi amfani da ita a matsayin cibiyar tattalin arziki da sufuri na Faransa. Duk da haka, a 52 BC. E. Rundunar Roman ta Julius Kaisar ta hallaka ta.

Revival Orleans dauki shekaru 200, a lokacin da ya zo da iko, da sarki Mark Avrely, bayan da ya ba da sunan Avrelianuma (1275). Wannan sunan yana da ƙarni 17 ne, a lokacin da, sabili da canji na launi a cikin harshe, an fara karantawa Orleans (Faransa).

Bayan faduwar mulkin Roman, Aurelianum ya zama babban birnin mulkin, bayan 'yan shekarun baya bayanan - babban birnin masarauta, wanda dangi na Faransa suka mulki.

An zaɓi wurin da ake kira Orleans saboda ta kusa da hanyoyin cinikin jiragen ruwa, ta hanyar da jiragen ruwa suka kawo kayayyaki daga ko'ina cikin duniya zuwa Faransa. Sa'an nan kuma, daga ƙasa, sun haye zuwa Paris, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 100 daga birnin.

A cikin ƙarni na karshe, an kai Orleans hari akai-akai kuma yaƙe-yaƙe, kuma a cikin VI. Shekaru 38 ya zama cibiyar addini na kasar saboda majami'un coci da suka faru a nan (tarurruka na firistoci). Bayan lokaci bayan rabuwa da jihar Frankish birnin ya zama babban birnin kasar Orleans. Tun da X karni. Ana la'akari da birnin na biyu a kasar Faransa, yana ba da muhimmanci ga Paris kawai.

Daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a karni na 13. Wannan shi ne bude jami'a, godiya ga abin da birnin ya zama cibiyar kimiyya na Faransa.

Orleans a tsakiyar zamanai kuma har zuwa farkon karni na XIX.

A cikin karni na XV. A Orleans akwai wani abu mai ban mamaki wanda ya bar wata alama a cikin tarihin Faransa da Ingila, a nan ne yaƙin yaki na shekaru 100 tsakanin waɗannan jihohi ya ƙare da godiya ga Joan Arc, wanda ya lashe wannan rikici, bayan haka ta sami lambar yabo mai suna "The Maid of Orleans" .

Wani kwanakin da ba a tunawa a cikin tarihin Faransanci, amma mafi muni - a cikin 1572 a cikin wannan birni ya faru da dare Bartholomew, wanda shine ƙarshen rikicin addini tsakanin Huguenots da Katolika. A cikin dare guda, kusan mutane dubu daya ne aka kashe a nan ta hanyar tashin hankali.

Wani birni da aka yi garuruwa a cikin shekarun 1870, sannan sojojin dakarun Pruss suka kama shi.

Komawa ikon zuwa daular Bourbon

A farkon karni na XIX. A cikin ƙasar an yi alama ta tarihin tarihin tarihi: bayan faduwar Napoleon, daular Bourbon ta koma ikon. An katse wannan tsari lokacin da Napoleon, ya tsere daga tsibirin Elba, inda yake yin tunani, yayi ƙoƙari ya koma iko. Duk da haka, mulkinsa na tsawon kwanaki 100 ya ƙare ne, wanda ya kori sojojin Ingila da Prussia tare da su a yakin Waterloo. Bayan wannan, an tura Napoleon zuwa St. Helena.

Tun 1814, tarihin Maidowa a Faransa ya fara ne a Bourbon da Orleans. A farko zo iko Lyudovik Xviii, sa'an nan - Charles X, wanda ya kawo da ƙaramin yan'uwansu, waɗanda aka kashe a 1792 a lokacin farko Faransa juyin juya halin, Sarki Louis XVI. Wannan lokaci ya zama lokaci na al'ummomin asirce da kuma rikice-rikice masu yawa waɗanda suka hada da tsohuwar mabiya Napoleon da 'yan Republicans masu yawa.

Louis XVIII ya riga ya ci gaba, ya bar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da kuma tsarin kulawa na jihar, tare da karɓar Tsarin Mulki na Faransanci, wanda aka tsara akan Turanci.

Charles X yana da niyyar bunkasa ƙungiyar masu bin doka zuwa ga ma'aikatun gwamnati, amma daga 1827, bayan zaben, masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun fara zuwa ma'aikatan ministoci. A Faransa, Bourbon da Orleans (karatun 8 na karatu a cikin darussan tarihin), saboda manufar da gwamnati ba ta dace ba da kuma rashin amincewa da 'yan talakawa, yanayin da ya faru ya haifar da wani juyin juya halin.

Juyin juyin juya hali na 1830

Yuli 1830 ya kasance alama ta juyin juya hali a birnin Paris, inda Charles X ya rushe shi, kuma a matsayinsa ya zauna a Faransa Francois Louis Philip I, Duke na Orleans (sunan ya kasance tun daga 1800).

Faransa Bourbon da Orleans daga juyin juya halin har zuwa karshen 1848 sun bi tsarin manufar mai gyare-gyare (1830), wanda ya danganci daidaitakar addini, sake sake farfadowa da kuma rage tasirin sarauta. Louis Philippe a wannan labarin ya karbi sunayen mutane "sunan sarki". Lokacin mulkinsa ya kasance tare da rashin tabbas a cikin zamantakewa na zamantakewa a cikin kasar, da dama masu rikici da abokan adawarsa, da rikice-rikice na kundin tsarin mulki da kuma ƙoƙarin rayuwarsa.

Yanayin matalauta a Faransa da Bourbon da Orleans daga juyin juya hali na 1830 basu canza ba: bayan da tattalin arziki ya dawo a farkon shekarun 1840, lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki ya fara, rashin aikin yi ya fara girma, kuma cin zarafin ma'aikata ya ci gaba. Tun daga shekara ta 1846, tattalin arzikin kasar yana fama da damuwa, tare da rikici tsakanin kasashen waje. Fabrairu 1848 alama ce da aka gina a cikin tituna na Paris da kuma rikice-rikice, saboda haka shi ne farkon Jamhuriyar Na Biyu. Sarki Louis Philippe ya tsere zuwa Ingila, ya rushe kursiyin.

Maidowa Orleans bayan yakin

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, birnin daga cikin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1944 ya kasance a hannun sojojin Jamus masu fascist. A lokacin da aka fice, jirgin sama na Amurka ya kai hari a tsakiyar birnin, yawancin gine-ginen da wuraren tsabta sun hallaka.

Saboda haka, a cikin shekaru bayan bayan shekaru, an gina gine-gine da yawa kamar yadda tsohuwar zane-zane da zane suke yi, da kiyaye salon, amma la'akari da yiwuwar hawa na yau.

Orleans, Faransa: abubuwan jan hankali

Daya daga cikin alamomin Orleans shine Joan na Arc, wanda yake sananne a cikin wannan birni a matsayin jarumi da kuma nasara, saboda haka yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin gari suna da hankali ga wannan.

Babban babban cocin Orleans (Faransa) - Saint Croix, wanda aka gina a cikin karni na XIV. A kwaikwayon Parisian Notre-Dame. An gina shi a kan gidan haikalin, inda Joan of Arc ya yi nasarar nasara tare da sojojin da mazauna garin. A gabas facade na haikalin an yi a cikin Gothic style, tare da yamma - a cikin daban-daban, Romanesque. Ya faru ne saboda halakar da shi a shekara ta 1568 da Huguenots masu tayar da hankali. A lokacin ƙarni na XVI-XIX, an sake gina majami'ar, wanda wasu gine-ginen da masu ginawa suka bambanta. A karshe a lokacin an gina gine-ginen ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, daga abin da, godiya ga tsawo na 80 m, kyakkyawan ra'ayi na dukan birnin. Gilashin da aka zana a cikin babban coci ya kwatanta labarin rayuwar wani yarinya wanda ya ceci birnin daga wani hari.

A tsakiyar filin birnin Martroa ya zama abin tunawa ga Maid of Orleans (masanin kimiyya D. Fuatier), kuma ba da nisa ba - wani gidan kayan gargajiya ya keɓe ta. An kafa tarihi a 1855 maimakon tsohon wanda aka lalata a lokacin juyin juya halin, wanda aka jefa daga tsoffin harsuna na Turanci kuma an yi masa ado tare da masu ba da taimako da ke nuna ayyukan Jeanne.

, который занимается сбором всех документов, которые имеют отношение к ее жизни. A Orleans tun 1974 akwai wani Center of Joan na Arc, wanda ya tattara dukan takardun da yi tare da ta rayuwa.

Gidajen Orleans

Daya daga cikin alamun garin, wanda aka kira J. d'Arc, shi ne tsohon gidan Duke na Orleans, inda ta zauna a cikin kwanaki 1429. Bayan sake ginawa, akwai Museum of History of France, wanda ake kira "The House of Joan of Arc", game da Rayuwa daga Maiyuwa na Orleans daga haihuwa a daya daga cikin kauyuka na Lorraine kafin kisan. Ɗaya daga cikin tallace-tallace ya nuna game da kewaye da garin a 1429, ana gudanar da nune-nunen da aka yi wa tsakiyar zamanai.

Tarihin Tarihi da Archaeological Museum yana aiki tun 1823 kuma ya nuna wa baƙi Galilo-Romawa (adadi na kayan tarihi daga tagulla) waɗanda masana masana ilmin lissafi suka gano a rabi na biyu na karni na 19, da kuma nunawa a tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana nuna nau'ikan fasaha da kuma kayan fasaha. An gina shi a ginin Hotel Cabu, wanda aka kira Dion de Poitiers a dā.

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau gine-gine a Orleans (Faransa) shi ne babban gidan Groslo, gina a cikin style na "Tower" Burgundy a cikin karni na 16. Architect du Serso. Domin wani lokaci a can ya rayu a King François II, da kuma lokacin juyin juya halin na magajin gari ta ofishin aka located. Cikin gida da kayan kayan gida suna barin wannan.

Gidan Gida na Zane-zane yana nuna ayyukan ma'aikatan Faransanci da na Turai na zane-zane, sassaka, kayan ado da kayan abinci, ciki har da jerin ayyukan da masu fasaha na karni na 17 zuwa 19 suka yi. A cikin fasaha na pastels (ana dauke shi na biyu mafi girma bayan bayan Louvre). Akwai dakuna na Art Nouveau da kuma zamani, an yi nunin nune-nunen.

Royal Bridge a kan Loire - shi ne daya daga cikin abubuwan jan hankali na Orleans (Faransa) - gina a kan umarni na King George 5th, wanda aka auna a gare shi ya yi tafiya da kuma ji dadin birnin. Yana haɗu da bankuna mafi girma kogin Faransa, tare da wanzuwar wanda aka haɗa tarihin da tattalin arziki na kasar. Yau matasan da aka yin amfani da wannan wuri domin wani da yamma stroll ta cikin gari.

Gidan Charles Charles Peguy, dan asali na Orleans, wanda ya zama mawaka da marubuta, yana cikin gida mai kyau na Renaissance. Yaji da ayyukansa, da aka tsara a matsayin al'amuran addini, an gabatar da su a nan.

Bukin Joan na Arc a Orleans

Ranar farko a Orleans (Faransa), wadda aka keɓe wa Joan of Arc, an shirya su ne a cikin shekara ta 1435, lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon na "The Mystery of the Siege of Orleans" ya yi daidai da dukan abubuwan da suka faru. Har ila yau, ya shafi daya daga cikin 'yan bindigar Jeanne Gilles de Re, wanda ya ba da kudi ga aikin. Babban haruffa shi ne Ɗa da Dama, waɗanda suka zaɓa daga cikin mazaunan gari da kuma ofishin magajin gari.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, a ranar 8 ga Mayu, a tsakiyar ɓangare na birnin, ana gudanar da bikin, sai dai kawai a lokuta na yakin addini. A cikin ƙarni da suka wuce, an yi canje-canje kaɗan a cikin samarwa, an kara haruffa, an gabatar da bikin na dauke da bugu na Virgin.

A cikin karni na XIX. A karkashin mulkin Louis Philippe a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu an bayyana shi ranar hutu na kasa, tun lokacin 1920 da coci da kuma hutu na jihar suka haɗu.