Organic da physicolloid sunadarai: bayanin, ayyuka da fasali

Fizkolloidnaya sunadarai ne kimiyya da ke nazarin sinadarai da kuma kayan jiki na kyawawan abubuwa da kuma watsa tsarin.

Ma'anar

Fizkolloidnaya sunadarai hade tare da tarwatsa tsarin. An fahimci ma'anar irin wadannan jihohin da daya ko fiye da abubuwa ke cikin jihar tarwatsa (kashi) ta hanyar taro na abu na biyu. An kira wannan lokacin raguwa da lokaci wanda aka watsa. Maganar watsawa shine matsakaici wanda wani lokaci ya watsar da shi a cikin wani nau'i mai rarrabe.

Adsorption da surface mamaki

Kimiyyar sunadarai na jiki ya dubi samfurori da ke faruwa a fagen watsawa.

Daga cikin su mun lura:

• Wetting;
• Tsawan fuska;
• Adsorption.

Chemical na nazarin Fizkolloidnaya muhimmanci fasaha matakai bisa najasa da kuma iska tsarkakewa, enrichment na ma'adinai, da karfe waldi, saka launi daban-daban saman, lubrication, tsaftacewa saman.

Tsaran fuska

Organic da fizkolloidnaya sunadarai sun bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a yayin da ake nazarin nauyin. Bari mu bincika tsarin, wanda ya hada da gas da ruwa. Tsarin kwayar, wadda ke cikin cikin tsarin, an yi ta da karfi daga dakarun da ke kusa. Ƙwayar da ke samuwa a gefen kuma yana da tasirin karfi, amma ba a biya su ba.

Dalilin shi ne cewa a cikin jijiyar yanayin da nisa tsakanin kwayoyin sun isasshe manyan, dakarun suna kusan kadan. Tsarin ciki yana ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa zurfin cikin ƙwayar ruwa, sakamakon haka, matsawa yana faruwa.

Don ƙirƙirar sabon ƙirar lokaci, alal misali, yaɗa cikin fim, yana da muhimmanci don yin aiki da matsa lamba. Akwai dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin makamashi da kuma matsa lamba. Makaman makamashi, mai da hankali akan kwayoyin dake tsaye akan farfajiyar, ana daukar nauyin makamashi kyauta.

Tushen thermodynamics

Ayyukan manyan ayyuka sunadarai na fizkolloidnoy sun haɗa da lissafin ma'aunin thermodynamic. Dangane da la'akari da la'akari, yana yiwuwa a ƙayyade yiwuwar taɗaɗɗen maras kyau.

Saboda rashin zaman lafiya na tsarin thermodynamic, tafiyar matakai na faruwa ne da haɗuwa da ƙaddamar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin, tare da raguwa a ƙirar lokaci.

Dalilin canji a cikin yanayin thermodynamic

Wadanne abubuwa zasu shafi tasirin tashin hankali?

Da farko, yana da mahimmanci don rarrabe yanayin abubuwan. Girman yanayin tashin hankali yana da alaƙa da alaka da fasali na lokacin haɓaka. Tare da karuwa a cikin malarity na bond, haɓakawa a cikin tashin hankali yana faruwa a cikin abu.

Yanayin zazzabi yana rinjayar jihar a ƙirar. A cikin yanayin da ya karu, sojojin da suke aiki a tsakanin mutum ɗaya suna karuwa a cikin abu.

Rigar da abubuwa da aka rushe a cikin ruwa suna nazari kuma yana shafar tsarin tsarin thermodynamic.

Akwai abubuwa biyu. PIV (abubuwa masu tsabta) suna ƙara tashin hankali daga cikin maganin da aka kwatanta da matakan da suka dace. Irin waɗannan abubuwa sune masu zafin jiki. Surfactants (surfactants) rage yawan tashin hankali a cikin dubawa a sakamakon sakamakon. Lokacin da waɗannan abubuwa ke karuwa a cikin bayani, ana kiyaye haɗarsu a farfajiyar surface. Polar Organic mahadi ne acid, alcohols. Suna da ƙungiyar polar kungiyoyi (amino, carboxyl, hydroxo), da kuma sarkar hydrocarbon nonpolar.

Features na sorption

Fizkolloidnaya sunadarai (STR) ya hada da sashe a kan tsarin sihiri. Adsorption shi ne tsari na canji maras lokaci a cikin surface Layer na ƙaddamar da abubuwa dangane da yawa a cikin girma na bulan.

Adsorbent abu ne wanda akan farfaɗar abin da aka yi. Adsorptive ne mai iya hazo. Adsorbate abu ne wanda aka cire. Desorption shi ne baya na adsorption.

Irin sihiri

Malam fizkolloidnoy sunadarai yayi magana game da nau'i-nau'i biyu na talla. Idan aka yi ta kwance a jiki, an sake ƙara yawan makamashi, wanda yake daidai da zafin rana. Wannan tsari ne mai juyayi. Idan har yawan ƙararrawa ya karu, sharaɗɗan talla yana karuwa, raɗin tsari na baya (desorption) yana ƙaruwa.

Bambancin sunadarai na adsorption ba shi da iyaka, adabin tallace-tallace ba ya bar surface, amma a fili. A lokacin tsinkaye, zafi yana da tsawo, yana iya kasancewa tare da girman yanayin zafi na sinadarai. Tare da karuwa a cikin zafin jiki, admissiyo yana ƙaruwa, kuma haɗuwa tsakanin abubuwa yana ƙaruwa.

A matsayin misali na yaudara, mun lura cewa tallata iskar oxygen daga iska ta fuskar karfe, ana binciken shi ta hanyar ilimin kimiyya na kimiyya. Matsalolin da mafita suna haɗuwa da ƙaddarar tasirin tashin hankali wanda ya taso a ƙirar tsakanin kafofin watsa labaru biyu.

Don ƙididdige tallace-tallacen da aka furta, ana amfani da adsorption cikakke. Yana nuna adadin adsorbate (a cikin moles) ta kowane yanki na mai karɓar talla. Shirye-shiryen na sunadarai na jiki sun haɗa da ƙaddara yawan wannan yawa.

Halaye na adsorbents

Masana kimiyya na jiki da colloid sun ba da hankali sosai ga nazarin iri-iri masu talla, aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace. Ya danganta da girman girman tallar, wanda yake da nauyin adadi na kayan aiki. Mafi shahararren adsorbents su ne abubuwa da ciwon ci gaba: colloids, powders, porous reagents.

Kamar yadda manyan siffofin adsorbents suke da shi, ƙananan yanayin da ƙananan ruɓaɓɓun sunadaran sun ware. Darajar farko ta nuna rabo daga farfajiyar mai karɓar talla zuwa taro. Halin na biyu ya samo siffofin tsarinsa.

Nau'ikan nau'in adsorbents guda biyu an rarrabe su a cikin ilimin sunadarai. Abubuwan da ba su da nakasassu suna kirkiro ne daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin jiki, suna samar da wani tsari mai laushi na "fentin katako" tare da rufewa. Yayin da pores tsakanin su ke haifar da raguwa tsakanin hatsi. Tsarin zai iya samun tsari na micro ko macroporous. Magungunan labaran kwayoyi sune gine-ginen da ke kunshe da hatsi da ke da alamu na ciki.

A cikin sunadarai na jiki, kulawa ta musamman an biya shi zuwa halayyar tsarin sasantawa. Su ne siffan foda wanda aka samo daga hatsi a lokacin da aka guga ko kuma a cikin tubes. Shirin da aka samu yana da cikakkun halaye na thermodynamic, wanda binciken shine babban aikin aikin ilimin kimiyya na physicoid.

Akwai tsari na tsari (la'akari da yanayin mai talla) don ionic, kwayoyin, tallace-tallacen colloidal. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta yana da alaƙa da mafita na masu rinjaye masu rauni ko masu ƙananan lantarki. Akwai tallace-tallace na narkar da abubuwa akan farfadowar talla.

Wani ɓangare na shafukan yanar gizo a kan tallace-tallace masu tallace-tallace suna shagaltar da kwayoyin sunadarai. Yayin da ake tafiyar da tsarin hazo, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin maɓalli da kuma tallace-tallace suna aiki a matsayin masu fafatawa.

Kammalawa

Hanyoyin sunadaran jiki da colloid sune muhimman sassan sunadarai. Sun bayyana manyan matakan da ke faruwa a cikin mafita, suna bada izinin yawan ƙimar zafi (tunawa) yayin da aka samu sababbin abubuwa. Babban doka da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yin lissafin lissafi shine dokar Hess. Ya danganta abubuwa da yawa na thermodynamic da ke cikin abubuwa: enthalpy, entropy, makamashi. Anyi amfani da tsarin thermodynamic na samar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci daga wasu abubuwa masu sauki (na farko) daga matsayin Hess. Ƙididdiga da aka yi ya sa ya yiwu don ƙayyade yadda ya dace.