Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin: biography da ayyukansu

Nikolai Karamzin, wanda biography fara Disamba 1, 1766, an haife shi a Simbirsk lardin a cikin wani matalauci daraja iyali na ilimi da kuma haskaka iyaye. A farko ilimi a cikin zaman kansa makaranta Farfesa Shadena. Bayan da cewa, kamar sauran wadanda mutane matasa, sai ya tafi bauta a cikin Guards, wanda aka dauki daya daga cikin mafi kyau.

Sai a wannan lokaci, Nikolai Karamzin, a takaice biography wanda aka gabatar a cikin wannan takarda karo na farko a fili sane da bukatar nasu hanya, daban-daban daga talakawa: wani cin nasara aiki, zamantakewa matsayi, daraja da kuma karrama. Duk wannan bai jawo hankalin nan gaba marubuci. Bayan hidima a cikin sojojin kasa da shekara guda, sai ya kasance a low daraja na leftana a 1784 da ya yi murabus da kuma mayar da su zuwa ƙasarsa ta Simbirsk.

Rayuwa a lardin Simbirsk

Azahiri Karamzin rayu shiririta, warwatse rayuwar wani mutum, haske Metropolitan hali, kuma gallant hali tare da Ladies. Nikolai Mikhailovich gaye riguna, kallon su bayyanar, wasa cards. A lardin bukukuwa ya kasance mai hankali da kuma m cavalier. Amma duk da wannan - kawai waje bayyananen halinsa.

A wannan lokaci, Karamzin, wanda biography ne mai arziki a cikin quite m jũya daga events, da kuma tsanani tunani game da su wuri a rayuwa, ya karanta mai yawa, ya gana ban sha'awa mutane. Ya ya riga ya samu mai kyau da ilimi, amma ya ci gaba da halittu farfadowa ta hanyar samun sabon ilimi a fannoni daban daban. Mai Karamzin sha'awar tarihi, adabi da falsafa.

Family aboki Ivan Petrovich Turgenev, Mason, kuma marubuci, da aka gudanar a babban abota da Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (wanda shi ma wani Mason, a talented 'yar jarida, littafin m da satirist), ya taka rawar gani a cikin rayuwa na marubuci. A ya ba da shawara, Nikolai Mikhailovich koma Moscow da ya gana da da'irar Novikov. Haka abin ya fara wani sabon zamani a cikin rayuwarsa, rufe da zamani daga 1785 zuwa 1789 shekaru. Bari mu ce 'yan kalmomi game da shi dabam.

Saba da Masons

A shekaru hudu da lamba tare da wani da'irar Masons gaske canza hanya Karamzin, rayuwarsa da kuma tunani. Lura da cewa tarihi na Freemasonry a Rasha ne ba tukuna cikakken gane. An dade an dauke kimiyya a matsayin gaske reactionary. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a ra'ayi kan wannan yunkuri shi ne ɗan daban-daban.

Masonic lodges ne na musamman halin kirki da kuma addini da'ira, tushen karo na farko a Ingila a cikin karni na sha takwas, da kuma daga baya a sauran jihohi, ciki har da kasar mu. Dalili na Code, wanda professed da Masons, shi ne bukatar ruhaniya kamalar mutum. Sun kasance sũ ne da siyasa shirin, sun fi mayar da alaka da addini da kuma halin kirki. Domin ayyukan Freemasons da aka halin da Theatrical ibãdar yanka, asiri, jousting da sauran ibada, da ciwon sufi connotation. Ta yana cike da ilimi da kuma ruhaniya, halin da kyawawan dabi'u da kuma muhimmancin. Magina kiyaye baya. Da cewa irin wannan da aka bayyana a cikin general yanayi kewaye tun Karamzin. Ya fara magana da ban sha'awa mutane: Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (ga photo kasa) da kuma Alekseem Mihaylovichem Kutuzovym. A tasiri na wannan kwarai mutane ya da wani iko impetus ga ci gaban wallafe-wallafen da basira da kuma m kai-shiba.

Da farko Karamzin fassara a cikin Rasha almarar, kuma daga baya ya fara rubuta ga mujallar "Yara Karatun", da m daga abin da yake Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov, na farko poetic ayyukansu. A lokacin da wannan lokaci da cewa yana sane da na da basira a matsayin marubuci.

Amma a nan ƙare da tsawon kai-kafiya, kuma da shi Masonic lokaci na rayuwa da matasa marubuci. Frames Masonic lodges zama kusa da shi, ya so ya san rayuwa a cikin richness, ta bambancin da bambancin. Domin ya zama wani sana'a marubuci, kana so ka fuskanci farko hannun ta alheri da ta sharri bangarorin. Saboda haka, Karamzin, wanda biography aka dauke a cikin tsarin na wannan littafin, da barin masu gini, da ta fara a kan tafiya.

Tafiya a Turai

Don yin wannan, Nikolai Mikhailovich aza taluk da kuma yanke shawarar karar da kudi a kan tafiya zuwa Turai, sa'an nan a bayyana shi. Sai ya zama mai m, kuma m mataki domin lokaci. Bayan duk, don Karamzin nufi da bada sama rayuwa a kan Saide hereditary kadarori da kuma tallafawa kansu da aiki na serfs. Yanzu Nikolai Mikhailovich yi Bama rayuwa da nasu aiki sana'a marubuci.

A} asashen waje, sai ya ciyar game da shekara da rabi, ya yi tattaki zuwa Switzerland, Jamus, Ingila da kuma Faransa. Karamzin, wanda biography da aka bayyana, a wannan labarin, samun Masana ban sha'awa da fitattun mutane daga cikin wadannan kasashe, ba ji kamar lardin, wakiltar kasar a sosai cancanta. Ya duba, ya saurari, da kuma rubuce. Nikolai Mikhailovich janyo hankalin mutane ta gidãjenku, wuraren tarihi, masana'antu, jami'o'i, titi bukukuwa, gidajen cin abinci, rustic bikin aure.

Ya kasance ga kimanta da kuma kwatanta haruffa da al'adu na musamman kabila, karatu fasali na magana, ya rubuta a cikin littafin da ya bayyana titi al'amuran, yin lissafin da daban-daban tambayoyi da kuma nasu tunani. A cikin fall na 1790 Karamzin koma zuwa Rasha, sa'an nan ya fara buga da "Moscow Journal", wanda yana sanya articles, labarai, waqe. Akwai aka buga, da kuma sanannen "wasikun a Rasha matafiyi", da kuma kawo shi mai daraja, "Poor Liza".

A littafin na almanacs

Kan gaba 'yan shekaru, Nikolai Mikhailovich wallafa anthologies, tsakanin wanda wani uku-girma anthology "Aoide", rubuta a cikin aya, kazalika da tarin "My trifles", wanda ya hada da wani iri-iri labaru da waqe. Don Karamzin zo daraja. Ya aka sani, kuma ƙaunar ba kawai a cikin biyu dajiya (Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg), amma cikin Rasha.

A tarihi labari "Marfa Posadnitsa"

Daya daga cikin na farko ayyukan Karamzin, rubuta a litattafan, da aka wallafa a 1803. "Marfa Posadnitsa" (a Genre - tarihi labari). Yana da aka rubuta tun kafin so ga litattafan Valtera Skotta fara a Rasha. A wannan labarin Karamzin bayyana janye zuwa tsufa, litattafansu kamar unattainable manufa na dabi'a, da aka shirya a farkon tsakiyar 1790s a Utopia "Athenian rai."

A almara, da tsoho nau'i na gwagwarmaya na Novgorod da kuma Moscow ya gabatar a cikin aikinsa, Nikolai Karamzin. "Gwamna Wife" kiwata muhimmanci falsafa tambayoyi: game da daular mulkinsu da kuma jumhuriya, da mutane, da shugabannin "Allah" na tarihi tsãri da sãɓã da mutum zuwa gare shi. A alhini na marubucin kasance a fili a gefe na Novgorodians da Martha, da kuma ba da monarchical Moscow. Wannan labarin ya gano da kuma akida da sabani na marubuci. A tarihi gaskiya ne, ba shakka, a gefe na Novgorod. Duk da haka, Novgorod yana wanzuwa, bad bata bayan shiriya ne precursors gaggawa halakar cikin birnin, kuma daga baya suka hadu.

A labarin "Poor Liza"

Amma rabo mai girma shi ne labarin "Poor Liza", wanda aka buga da baya a 1792. ne na kowa a Yammacin adabi na karni na sha takwas, da labarin yadda wani bafada rantsuwa da halakarwar da baƙauye ko tausayin bourgeois, a Rasha adabi farko ci gaba a cikin labarin Karamzin. Biography abi'a mai tsabta, da kyau 'yan mata, kuma da ra'ayin cewa irin wannan ban tausayi rabo kuma za a iya samu a cikin kewaye gaskiya, da gudummawar da babban rabo mai girma na wannan samfurin. Har ila yau muhimmanci shi ne cewa NM Karamzin ( "Poor Liza" shi ne ya "kasuwanci katin") ya koya wa masu karatu don lura da kyau na uwa yanayi da son ta. Bil'adama fuskantarwa na aikin ya kasance invaluable ga wallafe-wallafen na lokaci.

Tale "Natalia, da Boyar 'Yar"

A wannan 1792, an haife shi a kan labarin "Natalia, Boyar 'yar." Yana ba da aka sani a matsayin "Poor Liza", amma ya shafi muhimmanci sosai halin kirki tambayoyi cewa dami ya Sahaban NM Karamzin. Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci aiki ne matsalar na girmamawa.

Alex ƙaunataccen Natalia, an gaskiya mutumin da suka yi aiki Rasha Tsar. Saboda haka ya yi furuci da "laifi" da cewa sace 'yar Matiyu Andreyev fi so Boyar sarki. Amma sarki ya albarkaci aurensu, ganin cewa Alex - wani mutumin kirki. Shi ya sa da yarinya ta uba. Kammala da labarin, marubucin ya rubuta cewa ma'auratan zauna da farin ciki da kuma aka binne shi tare. Suna bambanta da sahihiyar ƙauna kuma addini a gare Sarkin sarakuna.

A cikin labarin, wanda aka halitta da Karamzin ( "Boyar 'Yar"), da batun na girmamawa ne rabuwa daga cikin sabis na sarki. Happy shi ne wanda na son da Sarkin sarakuna. Saboda haka, rai na wannan iyali tasowa sosai, saboda nagarta da aka saka musu.

cancanci fitarwa

Lardin matasa yaba ayyukan Karamzin. Muhimmi a cikin ayyukansu da wani sauki, conversational, halitta style, m kuma a lokaci guda mulkin demokra m hanya sun sauyi cikin sharuddan da ji na jama'a ayyukansu. Da farko kafa mas'ala ta na da ban sha'awa, ban sha'awa karatu, kuma da shi da bauta wa da wallafe-wallafen marubucin.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, biography da kerawa cewa janyo hankalin mai yawa mutane, tana da girma shahararsa. A Moscow janyo hankalin m matasa da mutane daga ko'ina cikin kasar kamar ganin fi so marubuci. Lysine kandami, ya zama shahararren ga abubuwan da suka faru na labarin "Poor Liza" da yake faruwa a nan, dake a cikin kewayen birni kauye na Kolomenskoye, ya fara wasa da muhimmancin da wani m wuri, zo nan, zuwa wani furucin da soyayya ko makoki kadai.

Aiki a kan "Tarihi na Rasha Jihar"

Bayan wani lokaci Karamzin sharply kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya canza rayuwa. Barin almarar, ya aka dauka a matsayin wani babban tarihi aiki - "The History na Rasha jihar." A nufi da wannan aiki, a fili, ya dade da aka balaga a cikin ransa.

A farkon karni na sha tara ya fara sarautar Alexander I, da aka fi so jikan Catherine II. A karo na farko, shi ya kasance wani sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma haskaka m. A tarihi labari ko shigar da sunan kamar yadda "Alexander Spring".

Karamzin aboki da kuma tsohon malamin na matasa Sarkin sarakuna, MN Ants ceto a ga Nikolai Mikhailovich aka nada kotu tarihi. Wannan ganawa da muhimmanci sosai ga Karamzin, da kuma saukar zuwa gare shi, wata babbar damar. Yanzu ya samu wani fensho (kamar yadda muka sani, wasu arziki na marubuci ya ba). Amma, mafi muhimmanci, ya na da damar yin amfani da tarihi archives, ya na bayar da muhimmanci. Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, wanda biography da aka gabatar zuwa ga hankali, shiga cikin aikin: ya karanta rubuce-rubucen da littattafai a kan tarihin, bincikar da tsoho tomes, a shiga, idan aka kwatanta.

Yana da wuya su yi tunanin da babbar aikin yi tarihi Karamzin. Bayan halittar goma sha biyu kundin da ya "Tarihi na Rasha Jihar" shafe shekaru ashirin da uku na aiki, daga 1803 zuwa 1826. A gabatar da abubuwan tarihin da ya daban-daban, har zuwa yiwu, rashin son kai da kuma AMINCI, kazalika da kyau art style. The labari da aka kawo wa "lokaci da matsaloli" a cikin tarihin na Rasha jihar. Mutuwar Nikolai Mikhailovich ba a yarda a gudanar da wani babban-sikelin shirin zuwa karshen.

Karamzin aiki, cikin rubuce-rubucen da suka tafi goma sha biyu kundin, bi da juna, ya sa masu karatu da dama 'martani. Zai yiwu a karon farko a cikin tarihin na buga littafin ya tsokani wani karuwa na kasa sani na Rasha jama'a. Karamzin gano mutane da labarin da ya bayyana baya.

Da abun ciki na aiki ya gane wajen ambiguously. Saboda haka, da 'yancin-m matasa da aka karkata zuwa jãyayya da goyon bayan da daular mulkinsu, wanda ya nuna a shafukan da "The History na Rasha Jihar" Karamzin tarihi. A matasa Pushkin ko rubuta wani m epigrams a kan girmama tarihi a wadannan shekaru. A cewar shi, wannan aiki ya tabbatar da "wajibcin autocracy da fara'a da bulala."

Karamzin, da littafin ba zai bar ka sha'aninsu dabam, a mayar da martani ga zargi ya kasance kullum low-key, a kwantar da hankula riskarsa kamar izgili da yabo.

Ra'ayi a kan "Tarihi na Rasha Jihar" A. Pushkin

Koma zuwa St. Petersburg, ya, tun 1816, aka gudanar a kowace bazara a Tsarskoye Selo tare da iyalinsa. Karamzins - m Runduna wanda dauka a rayuwa irin shahara kasida kamar yadda Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky da Batyushkov da kuma ilimi matasa. Akwai sau da yawa matasa AS Pushkin farincikin sauraron karanta Littafin waqoqi mazan, kula da matarsa, NM Karamzin, ba matasa, amma m kuma na fasaha mace, wanda ya yi ƙarfin halin ko aika wani furucin da soyayya. Hikima da kuma gogaggen zamba Karamzin gafarta da saurayi kamar yadda ya m epigrams a kan "Tarihi".

Shekaru goma daga baya, Pushkin, riga balagagge mutum, a daban-daban look at manyan ayyukan da Nikolai Mikhailovich. A 1826, yayin da a cikin gudun hijira a St Michael da ke, ya rubuta a cikin "Notes on jama'a da ilimi" da cewa Rasha tarihi ya kamata a sanar da cewar Karamzin, da kuma kira shi aiki ne ba kawai wani aiki ne na girma tarihi, amma kuma a feat na gaskiya mutum.

A kan wani ɓangare na Alexander, shi ya ba wani karimcin da biyayya ga hukuma a cikin bege na gafarta da kuma dawowar daga zaman talala. Ba a duk, saboda a shekara daga baya, bayan ya dawo Pushkin sake mu koma zuwa ga "Tarihi", sake godiya ta high.

A karshe shekaru ransa

Karamzin halayyar ba zai zama cikakken ba tare da wani bayanin karshe shekaru ransa. A karshe shekaru goma sun kasance farin ciki ƙwarai. Shi abokin na tsar, Alexander I. Friends sau da yawa tafiya tare a cikin Park, lokaci mai tsawo magana, salama kuma sannu a hankali. Yana yiwuwa cewa sarki, sanin karimci da jin kunya Nikolai Mikhailovich, ya gaya masa yawa fiye da hakimansa. Karamzin sau da yawa rashin amincewa da hujjojin da kuma tunani na Alexander I. Duk da haka, ya ba su yi tuntuɓe a gare shi, da kuma saurari a hankali, kuma ya dauki rubutu. "A bayanin kula a kan tsoho da sabon Rasha", wanda marubuci ya gabatar da sarki, ya ƙunshi wani sa na da maki a cikin abin da tarihi bai yarda da manufofin gwamnati na da lokaci.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, wanda littattafai su Popular lokacin da yake rayuwa, ba gurin zuwa wani awards, kuma dalilai. Duk da haka, ya kamata a ce ya yi a sash, wanda ya, duk da haka, ko da yaushe bi da tare da irony da kuma mutumci.