Nazi Party (NSDAP): shirin shugabanni, alamomin, tarihi

A Jamus a 1920 farkon ta zama Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), a Rasha - Nazi Party, ko NSDAP) a shekara ta 1933 ya zama kawai da shari'a jam'iyyar a ikon a kasar. Hukuncin na anti-Hitler kawance bayan shan kashi a shekarar 1945, an narkar da, da Nuremberg gwaji da jagoranci gane aikata laifi da kuma akidar da inganci saboda da barazana da samuwar dan'adam.

farko

A shekara ta 1919, a Munich, a Railway fitter Antonom Drekslerom kafa Jamus Ma'aikata 'Party (Dap) a kan dandamali na kwamitin aiki for Peace (Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden), wanda aka ma kafa ta Drexler. Ya shawarta - Paul Tafel, darektan da kuma shugaban na Pan-German League, ya ba da shawara na halitta ne mai kasa jam'iyyar cewa ya dogara ga ma'aikata. Karkashin reshe na WCT tun kafuwarta shi ya kasance game da 40 members. A shirin na siyasa jam'iyyar da aka ba tukuna isasshe ci gaba.

Adolf Hitler ya shiga Dap jerin a watan Satumba shekara ta 1919, da kuma watanni shida daga baya aka sanar da "The shirin na ashirin da biyar da maki," entailed da sunan canji. Yanzu ta karshe tsiwirwirinsu da sunan kamar yadda Nazi Party. Hitler kansa ya zo up tare da sababbin abubuwa da cewa National gurguzanci ya riga an yi shela, a wannan lokacin a Austria. Don kwafa da sunan Austria jam'iyyar, Hitler samarwa a Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Amma ya rinjayi. Karatun tsince ra'ayin, rage raguwa zuwa "Nazis", kamar yadda sunan "sotsi" (socialists) riga ya wanzu ta hanyar misalin.

Ashirin da biyar da maki

Don sa wannan mai banrazana shirin, amince a watan Fabrairu 1920, za a takaice.

1. Greater Jamus kamata gama duk Jamusawa a yankin ƙasarsu.
2. Don lokaci daga dukkan sharuddan da Versailles yarjejeniyar fiye da tabbatar da dama na Jamus zuwa wani m gini dangantakar da sauran al'ummai.
3. Lebensraum: bukatar ƙarin ƙasa, don samar da abinci da kuma shirya da kara Jamus yawan jama'a.
4. Dan kasa ne ba a kan tushen da tseren. Yahudawa ba su Jamus ta Ƙasa.
5. All ba Jamusawa iya zama baƙi.
6. Official posts dole rike da ya dace mutane basira da kuma damar iya yin komai zama available, wani shiri cronyism ne unacceptable.
7. A jihar zamar masa dole ya samar da yanayi na zama na 'yan kasa. Lokacin da rashin albarkatun duk wadanda ba 'yan kasa suna cire daga yawan amfana.
8. Entry na ba-Jamusawa a Jamus daina.
9. Duk 'yan ƙasa da ba kawai da dama amma kuma da wajibi su shiga a cikin zaben.
10. Kowane Jamus dan kasa yana da aiki ga kowa kyau.
11. Ba bisa doka ba albashi kwace.
12. Duk ribar sanã'anta a kudi na yaki, kwace.
13. Nationalization dukkan manyan kamfanoni.
14. Ma'aikata da ma'aikata shiga a cikin ribar da manyan kamfanonin.
15. haihuwa-shekaru fensho ya zama mai kyau.
16. A bukatar tallafawa kananan kera da kuma yan kasuwa, canja wurin musu dukan manyan Stores.
17. Gyare-gyaren a ƙasar a ranar, ƙarshe na hasashe.
18. Hasashe da kisa, duk laifukan da ake azabtar da damƙar.
19. Sauyawa daga Roman dokar a Jamus doka.
20. A reorganization na tsarin ilimi a Jamus.
21. Jihar goyon bayan mata da kuma inganta ci gaban matasa.
22. Wajibi soja, maimakon a sana'a rundunar sojin kasa.
23. Dukan kafofin watsa labarai a kasar ya zama kawai da Jamus, wadanda ba Jamusawa aiki a su da aka haramta.
24. Addini ne free, fãce ga addini, wanda suna da haɗari Jamus. Yahudawa jari-hujja sun ƙaryata.
25. Ƙarfafa da gwamnatin tsakiya yadda ya kamata aiwatar da dokokin.

majalisar

Daga farko Afrilu 1920 Hitler ta siyasa shirin zama official, kuma tun 1926 duk da arziki na ta ayyana Hurumi. Daga 1924 zuwa 1933 jam'iyyar tsiwirwirinsu lokacinta da kuma sauri ƙarfafa. Majalisar zabe nuna ci gaban da Jamus masu kada kuri'a zabe a kowace shekara.

Idan Nazi jam'iyyar tsiwirwirinsu kawai 6.6% a cikin zaben, kuma a watan Disamba, har ma da kasa a cikin watan Mayu na 1924 - kawai 3%, alhãli kuwa a 1930 kuri'un da aka 18.3%. A 1932, magoya bayan National gurguzanci ƙwarai ya karu a watan Yuli domin NSDAP zabi 37.4%, kuma a karshe, a cikin watan Maris na 1933, kusan 44% na kuri'un da jam'iyyar samu Hitler. Tun shekarar 1923, a kai a kai da aka gudanar congresses na Nazi Party, akwai lokatan goma, kuma na karshe da aka gudanar a shekara ta 1938.

akidar

Totalitarian akidar National gurguzanci hadawa da abubuwa na gurguzanci, wariyar launin fata, kishin kasa, anti-Semitism, farkisanci da kuma anti-kwaminisanci. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Nazi jam'iyyar ta sanar da burin gina jihar Aryan launin fata tsarkakuwa, kuma a sararin ƙasa, wanda yana da duk abin da ka bukata don ka da walwala da kuma ci gaba da dubu-shekara Reich.

Hitler sanya farko rahoton kafin Oktoba 1919 jam'iyyar. Sa'an nan da tarihi na jam'iyyar da aka kawai farko, da kuma masu sauraro da aka kananan - kawai ɗari da goma sha mutane. Amma kwashe nan gaba Fuhrer su gaba ɗaya. A ka'ida, da postulates a jawabansa taba canza - fitowan da farkisanci ya riga ya faru. A farko, Hitler gaya yadda mai girma da ya gani Jamus da kuma ta ayyana makiya: Yahudawa da Marxists, suka yi Allah wadai da kasar kayar a yakin duniya na da m wahala. Sai aka ce game da rematch da Jamusanci makami cewa zai kawar da talauci a cikin kasar. Da ake bukata domin dawo da mazauna a duk da "dabbanci" da yarjejeniyar da Versailles aka karfafa da niyyar don hašawa da yawa sabon yankuna.

jam'iyyar tsarin

Gina Nazi jam'iyyar a kan yankin manufa, tsarin ya matsayi. Cikakken iko da kuma Unlimited ikon mallakar shugaban jam'iyyar. A farko shugaban daga Janairu 1919 zuwa Fabrairu 1920 shi ne dan jarida Karl Harrer. Ya aka rayayye da hannu a cikin halittar WCT. Ya aka maye gurbinsu da Anton Drexler, a shekara daga baya ya zama girmamawa daga shugabancin jam'iyyar, a lokacin da ya mika reins zuwa Adolf Hitler a watan Yuli 1921.

Nan da nan jam'iyyar na'ura jagorancin mataimakin Fuhrer. Daga 1933 zuwa 1941, da matsayi na biyu da aka shagaltar da ta Rudolf Hess, halitta Nazi jam'iyyar Chancellery, wanda nan da nan a cikin shekara ta 1933 ya jagoranci Martin Bormann, a 1941, ya canza kama zuwa hedkwatar jam'iyyar Chancellery. Tun 1942, Borman - sakataren Fuhrer. A shekarar 1945, Hitler ya rubuta wasiya a wanda ya kafa wata sabuwar jam'iyya post - ministan ya bayyana a kan jam'iyyar harkokin, wanda ya zama ta kai. Bormann kuwa ta zauna a kai na Nazi jam'iyyar dogon - game da kwanaki hudu, a kan talatin na Afrilu har da sanya hannu kan sallama na biyu na Mayu.

gwagwarmaya

Lokacin da Nazis yunkurin juyin mulki, da Bavarian Kwamishinan Gustav von Kahr bayar da umarni banning da National Socialist Party. Duk da haka, ayyuka to, bai wadãtar ba, da kuma shahararsa na jam'iyyar, da kuma Fuhrer girma babban taki: a 1924 arba'in Reichstag wakilai, mallakar NSDAP. Bugu da kari, wakilan jam'iyyar da aka boye a karkashin wasu sunayen sabuwar kungiyoyi. Wannan kuma ya shafi Jamus da zarar kasa al'umma, Julius Streicher, da kuma Popular Block da kuma National Socialist Liberation Movement, da kuma wasu kananan yawan jam'iyyar members.

A shekara ta 1925, Nazi jam'iyyar fito sake a kan shari'a status, amma shugabanninta sun sãɓa wa jũna a kan wani zalla dabara tambaya - nawa gurguzanci da kuma kishin kasa dole ne dauke da wannan yunkuri. Saboda haka, jam'iyyar da aka kasu kashi biyu fuka-fuki. All 1926 ya tafi wani tsaga da kuma m gwagwarmaya tsakanin dama da hagu. Jam'iyyar taro a Bamberg shi ne apogee wannan adawa. Sa'an nan, May 22, 1926, bai shawo kan saba wa juna, Hitler a Munich har yanzu zabe jagoransu. Kuma suka yi shi gaba ɗaya.

A dalilai domin shahararsa ta fi sani da Naziyanci

A Jamus, mai tsanani daga cikin rikicin tattalin arziki a farkon twenties karni na ashirin da ya ganiya, damunsu Cika Masaki girma da leaps da haddi. Da wannan bango, shi ba haka ba wuya ohmurit taro ideas na kishin kasa da kuma sojojin kasar, furta master tseren da tarihi manufa na Jamus. Yawan magoya bayan da sympathizers na Nazi jam'iyyar girma cikin sauri, jawo da darajõji daga cikin Nazi duban Samari daga daban-daban azuzuwan da kadarori. Jam'iyyar ɓullo da kuzari da kuma ba ƙyãmar populist dabaru a jawo ra'ayinsu sabon mabiyansa.

Frames, kafa tsatso na Nazi Party, sun quite ban sha'awa: ga mafi part sun kasance mambobi na gwamnatin wargaza kwantar da tarzoma kungiyoyin da Tsohon soji 'ƙungiyoyi (Pan-German League da kuma Jamus Mutane ta Union of zargi da tsaro, misali). A Janairu 1923, na farko taron jam'iyyar, Hitler ya yi bikin na keɓewa na flag na NSDAP. To, akwai mutane da Nazi alamomin. Bayan ƙarshen majalisa ta zartar da farko torchlight procession na shida dubu SA stormtroopers. A cikin fall na jam'iyyar riga ya fiye 55 da mutane dubu.

Shirya ya dauki kan duniya

A watan Fabrairu 1925 fara sake haramta buga farko jarida - sashin jiki na Nazi jam'iyyar - "Volkischer Beobachter". Sa'an nan Hitler sanya daya daga cikin mafi nasara ganĩmõmi - a gefe ya koma Goebbels, suka kafa "Angrif" mujallar. Bugu da kari, da NSDAP samu damar fassara su msar tambayar nazarin da "National Socialist wata-wata". A watan Yuli 1926, a Weimar Congress na Nazi Party, Hitler yanke shawarar canza jam'iyyar dabara.

Maimakon 'yan ta'adda hanyoyin gwagwarmaya da abokan hamayyar siyasa, ya bada shawarar a matsi daga duk administrative Tsarin, zabe da Reichstag, kuma a jihar majalisar dokokin kasar. Yana da za a yi, ba shakka, ba tare da barin fita daga gaban babban burin - eradication na Kwaminisanci da kuma bita na Versailles yarjejeniyar yanke shawara.

babban birnin kasar kiwon

Dukan dabaru don Hitler gudanar da goyon cikin shirin na NSDAP a Jamus, mafi muhimmanci kudi da kuma masana'antu Figures. Jam'iyyar Trust da kuma shiga da darajõji irin bosses kamar yadda Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorf, editan musayar jarida Walther Funk, Shugaban Reichsbank Yalmar Shaht, da kuma da yawa daga waɗanda suka, ban da da kansa membobinsu ne mai kyau PR ga mutane, ya kawo a cikin jam'iyyar asusu babbar yawa kudi. A rikicin kara bunkasa, rashin aikin yi girma ba dama, da Social Democrats ba gaskata mutane ta amincewa. Mafi yawan zamantakewa kungiyoyin rasa ƙasa, collapsing da sosai tushe su zama.

Kananan kera ne matsananciyar, zargin da gwamnatin dimokuradiyya a cikin matsaloli. Mutane da yawa ga wata hanyar fita daga wannan halin da ake ciki, kawai don karfafa ikon da daya-ƙungiya gwamnati. Wadannan da bukatun da yardarsu shiga cikin ma'aji, da kuma 'yan kasuwa na manyan-sikelin, tallafi NSDAP a zaben yakin. All hade da wannan jam'iyyar da kaina da Hitler al'umma-fadi da kuma na sirri bukatun. Domin da arziki, shi ya da farko protivokommunistichesky shãmaki. A watan Yuli 1932 na farko da sakamakon da aka sanar: 230 mazaunai a Reichstag zaben da 133 da Social Democrats da 'yan gurguzun 89.

naúrar

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na jam'iyyar a 1944, akwai tara Angeschlossene Verbände - adjoint kungiya ta kashin, bakwai Gliederungen der Partei - jam'iyyar rarrabuwa da kuma kungiyoyi guda hudu ta. Kungiyoyi cewa sun shiga cikin Nazi jam'iyyar, hada da lauyoyi, malamai, ma'aikata, da likitoci, masu gyara, ƙungiyar taimako ga wadanda ke fama da yaki, zamantakewa jindadin jam'iyya aiki gaban da ƙawance tsaro. Sun kasance a tsarin da jam'iyyar m kungiyoyi tare da hakkin doka da kuma dukiya.

Jam'iyyar siyasa a Jamus ya raka'a: Hitler, da SS (jami'an tsaro), da SA (hadari troopers), Jamus 'yan mata kungiya ta kashin, farfesoshi, dalibai, mata (NS-Frauenschaft), Mechanized Corps. Kungiyoyi da cewa sun shiga cikin jam'iyyar na Adolf Hitler, aka cika cunkus, amma ba ma manyan, shi ne: Company Culture, Union of manyan iyalai, da Jamusanci al'umma (Deutscher Gemeindetag) da kuma "Aiki na Jamus mata" (Das Deutsche Frauenwerk).

administrative division

Jamus da aka raba talatin da uku ba - jam'iyyar yankin, ya zo daidai da Ningi. Adadin su ya karu a kan lokaci: a 1941 shi ne 43 Gow, da waje kungiyar na NSDAP. Gau kasu kashi gundumomi, da waɗanda - a kan na gida rassan, da dai sauransu - da kuma cell tubalan. A block aka hada zuwa 60 gidaje.

Kõwace ƙungiya ƙungiya guda ɗaya karkashin jagorancin Gauleiter, krayslyayter da kuma kama. A ƙasa da aka halitta, bi da bi, daga cikin jam'iyyar na'ura, ma'aikatan sun insignia, daraja da kuma siffar, wanda ado da Nazi alamomin. Launi buttonholes nuna wa mambobin da kuma matsayi a cikin kungiyar.

rassan

NSDAP kada ka yi ɗã'a kawai nasu jam'iyyar members, amma jam'iyyar da kawayenta a Jamus da kuma a cikin shagaltar kasashen. A Italiya, har 1943 , Benito Mussolini jagoranci National farkisanci Party (ĩmãni ya zama shimfiɗar jariri, da farkisanci ne kawai a can), sa'an nan ya juya a cikin wani Republican farkisanci Party. A Spain, akwai gaba daya dogara a kan NSDAP Spanish phalange.

Har ila yau gudana kama kungiyoyi a Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, da Netherlands, Norway. Kuma Belgium da Denmark sun kasance a zahiri hankali na NSDAP ofisoshin a kan karkararta, ko Nazi alamomin daidaita kusan gaba daya. Ya kamata a lura da cewa dukkan wadannan jihohi, inda halitta Nazi Party, ya halarci yakin duniya na biyu a gefe na Jamus, da kuma a Soviet talala suka yi yawa wakilai daga dukkan wadannan kasashe.

kashi

The mika wuyansu da sallama daga shekarar 1945 kawo ƙarshen mafi m dukan jam'iyyun taba samar da mutãne. NSDAP ba kawai narkar amma kuma duk fāɗin duniya dakatar, da dukiya ne cikakken kãma, Allah wadai da hukuncin kisa da ringleaders. Duk da haka, da yawa wakilan jam'iyyar har yanzu gudanar ya tsere zuwa kudancin Amirka, da Spanish gwamnan Franco taimaka a wannan ta samar da jiragen ruwa, da kuma tallafin da.

Hukuncin na anti-farkisanci da hadin kan Jamus cikakken halartar aiwatar da denazification, aiki mambobi ne na NSDAP da aka bari musamman: sallama daga management ko daga makaranta - shi ne mai matukar kananan farashin biya ga abin da ya yi a ƙasar farkisanci.

da postwar lokaci

A Jamus a shekarar 1964, farkisanci tãyar da kansa sake. Yana bayyana Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands - National Democratic Party of Jamus, wanda ya positioned kanta magaji zuwa NSDAP. A karo na farko tun yakin duniya na biyu, da Cigaban-Nazis kusata da Bundestags - 4.3% a cikin shekarar 1969 za ~ en. Har NPD a Jamus sun neo-Nazi da kuma sauran ilimi, Socialist Party Reich Remer, misali, amma ya kamata a lura da cewa gagarumin sakamako, babu wani daga cikinsu samu a matakin tarayya.