Na da art da siffofin

Tsakiyar zamanai - wani musamman tarihi lokaci. shi zai fara da ƙare a daban-daban sau a kowace kasa. Alal misali, a Yammacin Turai, tsakiyar zamanai ne lokacin daga V zuwa XV ƙarni, a Rasha -. X zuwa XVII ƙarni, kuma a cikin Gabas -. IV zuwa XVIII ƙarni. Ka yi la'akari da kara yadda cikin ruhaniya al'adunmu bar mana halittawa daga cikin zamanin.

Janar halaye

Abin da ya na da art? A takaice, shi sõyayya a ruhaniya Gyaran baya rayu a lokacin Masters. Babban batutuwa da suka halittun aka ƙaddara da coci. A sa'an nan ta yi a matsayin babban abokin ciniki. A halin yanzu, tarihin na da art aka nasaba ba kawai tare da Kirista akidun. A cikin jama'a memory na cewa lokaci suka kasance har yanzu alamu na arna ganewarsu. Wannan za a iya gani a kwastan, almara da kuma ibada.

music

Ba tare da shi, shi ba za a dauke na da art. Music aka dauke da wani ɓangare na rayuwar mutane a lokacin. Ta ko da yaushe tare holidays, bikin, ranakun haihuwa. Daga cikin mafi m kayan aikin su ne ƙahonin, da sarewa, karrarawa, kuwaru, whistles, ganguna. Daga gabashin kasashen a tsakiyar zamanai zo da lute music. Su ne sabubban lokacin al'ada fasali. Alal misali, a cikin farkon spring aka hada musamman music cewa mutane kori ruhohin hunturu da kuma heralded farko na zafi. Kirsimeti Hauwa'u kasance ko da yaushe cikin sauti na karrarawa. Ya kwashe kyau labarai game da bayyanar da mai ceto.

littattafai

Na da adabi da kuma art ya bar wani mai arziki, Legacy gaba zamaninsu. Farkon littattafai na cewa zamanin da aka hankali a rubuce, sa'an nan kuma kwatanta ta da sufaye. A lokacin da takarda da aka dauke a rarity, dangane da abin da aka maye gurbinsu da takarda. An sanya daga calfskin ko rago. Na koyi rubuta abin da ake kira katako Allunan rufe baki, ko kore kakin zuma. Na da ayyukan art aiwatuwa yafi a kan katako, allon. Domin mafi yawan kundin amfani da sauki fata embossing. Na da al'ada da kuma art aka wadãtar a kudi na yawo malamai da kasida. Suna Tafi yin yawo don gano da siffofin rubutu wasu ƙasashe. Da zuwan courtly son na da art cika da romanticism. Ya bayyana da farko a litattafan da music. A kotuna raira waƙa songs sadaukar da almara fadace-fadace Karla Velikogo, Arthur kuma Roland. Rayayye ci gaba wajen samar da rubuce-rubuce. A tsakiyar zamanai akwai babban da kuma Ƙaramin baki haruffa, yanke shawarar rubuta dokokin. Books a lokacin dauke da wani real taska. Sun kasance ba samuwa ga general taro na al'ummar jihar. Matsayin mai mulkin, suna sa a karkashin kulle da kuma key. Idan wani ya da matsaloli tare da kudi, da littafin iya sa da kuma samun sakamako mai kyau.

Na da Art: Zanen

A wannan m lokaci, halittar murals da kuma zane-zane kawai magance waɗanda suka gaske da basira da kuma suna da requisite ikon zana. Wannan m aiki ne ba wasu sha'awa, ko abin wãsa. Na da art da aka gabatar ga Masters wasu bukatun. Kowane zanen ko mural wani abokin ciniki. Yawanci, da fentin coci ganuwar, bagade, ko da salla dakin. Middle artists iya wajen da za a kira artisan, kamar yadda suke, misali, da masassaƙa, ko maƙeri. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa sunayen da yawa daga cikinsu ba su kai yau. Alal misali, taimakon masana yin takalma ba sa ya sanya hannu a kan kowane biyu na takalma. Bugu da kari, halittar murals sun sau da yawa na gama. Artists ba shine su rubanya daidai duniya. Na da art zaci moralistic da wani tunanin da tasiri a kan mutane. Daga wannan za mu ci gaba da wasu unspoken sharudda:

• Nuna daya hali a daya zane a daban-daban lokaci jinkiri (kama da zamani Comics).
• Don yin sakaci da ainihin girman mutum ba iyakar iyawar gani taron.

Na da akwai gilashi art aka tushen yafi a kan addini batutuwa. Yawancin lokaci fentin irin batutuwa kamar "The Nativity", "The Crucifixion", "The Passion daga cikin Kristi", "Madonna da Child" da sauransu.

Romanesque

Suna cike da na da art a Yammacin Turai a X - XII ƙarni. A wasu wuraren da style tsira har da XIII karni. Ya zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci matakai na ma'adanin na tsakiyar zamanai. Romanesque style hadawa da Late tsufa da kuma Merovingian batutuwa aka gyara "Carolingian Renaissance", Mai girma Hijira lokaci. Mun shiga na da art a Yammacin Turai, da Byzantine da kuma Gabas abubuwa. Romanesque style a cikin jariri cikin sharuddan cin gaban feudalism da baza na cocin Katolika akida. Babban ginin, halittar sculptures, rubutun da aka za'ayi da Ruhbãnãwa haƙĩƙa sunã. The coci da aka dogon isa kafofin lokacin da rarraba na da art. Architecture shi ma mai sadaukarwa. Babban mai rabawa na style a lokacin su ne zuhudu domin. Kawai a karshen XI karni fara fito fili yawo cikin gona sa-magina.

architecture

Mutane daya-daya da gine-gine da kuma gidaje (gidãje, majami'u, lama) da aka gina a cikin Romanesque style, kamar yadda mai mulkin, a cikin karkara. Su yi mulki a kan wasu, embodying misãlin "birni na Ubangiji" ko aiki a matsayin na gani magana na da ikon da mulkin gargajiya ubangijina. Western na da art bisa jituwa. Clear silhouettes da kuma m siffar gine-gine kamar yadda idan ya maimaita kuma kammala cikin wuri mai faɗi. A halitta dutse ya amsa kamar yadda wani babban gini abu. Shi ne daidai a cikin jituwa da greenery da kuma ƙasa. Babban alama na gine-gine a cikin Romanesque style ne m bango. Su nauyi jaddada kunkuntar taga takware da recessed tako portals (sassa). Daya daga cikin key abubuwa na abun da ke ciki aka dauke da doguwar hasumiya. Romanesque gini ne mai tsarin na sauki stereometric kundin: prisms, cubes, parallelepipeds, cylinders. Su surface aka subdivided galleries ruwan wukake arkaturno friezes. Wadannan abubuwa na rhythmic m ganuwar, amma ba ƙeta tare da su monolithic mutunci.

ibada

Sun samo asali ne daga Legacy da farkon Kirista gine iri centric kuma bazilikanskoy coci. A karshen na game abubuwa sun hasumiya ko fitila. Kowane babban ɓangare na haikali an halitta a matsayin mai raba sarari zane. Dukansu azahiri da badini shi ne a fili rabu da sauran. A overall ra'ayi da aka karfafa ta arches. Sun kasance sũ ne yafi giciye-dimbin yawa, cylindrical ko giciye-haƙarƙari. A wasu Ibada shigar Dome.

Rarrabe fasali na kayan ado

A farkon matakai na Romanesque babban rawa da aka buga da bango zane-zane. By karshen XI -. A farkon XII karni, a lokacin da sanyi na ganuwar da ceilings ya zama mafi wuya a cikin Haikali kayan ado hada monumental reliefs. Su aka yi wa ado portals, kuma sau da yawa gaba daya facade bango. A cikin ginin da suka kasance sunã amfani da shafi manya. A cikin marigayi Romanesque style maye gurbin da lebur ƙasa zo mafi girma da kuma m effects na haske da kuma inuwa, amma da kiyaye kwayoyin dangantaka da bango. A tsakiyar wuri a cikin zanen da sassaka zauna zaren bayyana m da kuma marasa iyaka ikon Allah. A mai tsananin tsakaitã qagaggun rinjaye gane Kristi. Amma ga labari hawan keke a Ikklesiyoyin bishara da kuma Littafi Mai Tsarki jigogi, sun soma wani mafi tsauri da kuma free yanayi. Romanesque roba daban-daban sabawa daga cikin halitta shi ƙaddarãwa. A wannan hanya da hoton mutum ya zama m overly ma'ana karimcin ko ado kashi ba tare da rasa a lokaci guda a ruhaniya magana.

Gothic

Wannan ra'ayi da aka gabatar a cikin Renaissance. Gothic art na na da Turai da aka dauke shi "dabbanci". XII ƙarni - X flowering na Romanesque dauke. Lokacin da aka ayyana a wannan lokaci, da na shekara-shekara tsarin da aka iyakance zuwa Gothic. Kuma haka dai aka ware farkon balagagge (high) da kuma marigayi (harshen wuta) saukarwa. A ci gaba da Gothic ya m, a wadannan kasashe inda Katolika rinjaye. Ta ya yi yawanci addini art na addini abun ciki da kuma ta dalili. Gothic dangantaka da abada, high m sojojin.

Features na samuwar

Ma'adanin na na da akwai gilashi, sassaka da kuma gine a Gothic lokaci gada daga cikin Romanesque style of yawa abubuwa. A wuri na musamman aka shagaltar da ta Cathedral. A kan ci gaban Gothic rinjayi m canje-canje a cikin ginin zamantakewa. A wancan lokacin, faro ta samar da wata Karkasa jihar, girma da kuma ƙarfafa birnin, ya fara ciyar da wadanda mutane dakarun - cinikayya, craft, birane, courtly-knightly da'irori. Kamar yadda samuwar jama'a sani, inganta fasahar fara fadada dama ga ado fassarar duniya. Mun fara samar da wata sabuwar gine-gine da shugabanci. Tartsatsi raya birane. A birane gine-gine was halarci wadanda mutane da kuma addini gine-gine, gadoji, fortifications, rijiyoyin. A lokuta da dama, da babban square na gari kafa gidajen da arcades, sito, kuma kiri sarari a kan ƙasa benaye. Ta ja da baya daga babban titi. Su sahu tare kunkuntar facades na yawanci biyu-storey gidaje (da wuya uku-labarin) da high gables. Suka fara kewaye da birnin da karfi ganuwar, wanda aka yi wa ado da hasumiyai tafiya. Royal da mulkin gargajiya gidãje aka hankali tuba a cikin dukan gidaje, ciki har da addini, manyan gidãje da kufaifan.

sassaka

Ta ya yi a matsayin shugaban makaranta nau'i na art. Cathedrals ciki da kuma ado manyan yawan reliefs da mutummutumai. Gothic sassaka, a kwatanta da Romanesque, shi ne tsauri, wurare dabam dabam Figures da juna da kuma zuwa ga masu sauraro. Ya fara nuna sha'awa a cikin halitta halitta siffofin, da mutum kyakkyawa da kuma juyayinsu. Wani sabon hanyar fara yi wa jigogi na mata, hadaya juriya, halin kirki wahala. Ya canza da kuma siffar Almasihu. A Gothic style da fore fara barin shahadar theme. A cikin art na daba na Our Lady fara dauki siffar. Wannan ya faru kusan a lokaci guda tare da m bauta Ladies. Sau da yawa wadannan biyu daba lauye. A da yawa daga cikin Uwar Allah, ya bayyana a cikin siffar wani kyakkyawan lady. A lokaci guda mutane sun kiyaye da imani da mu'ujizai, shahararre dodanni, dama dabbobi. Su images za a iya samu a cikin Gothic style sau da yawa kamar a cikin Romanesque style.

Indiya

Wannan kasar da aka sani a duniya domin ta m albarkatun, kyau handicrafts. Daga farkon shekarun yara da matalauta suka saba wa aiki. Ilimi ya'yansa mata da maza na tsada ya fara a shekara ta biyar da rayuwarsu. Ilimi da suke samu a makaranta a haikalin ko a gida. Yara daga Brahmin caste aka horar da su kula da tarbiyyar da gidan. The yaro kamata ya duba fitar da malamai, a duk kuwa yi masa biyayya. 'Ya'yan warriors da kuma sarakuna da aka sanar da soja kimiyya da fasaha na shugabanci. Wasu gidajen lama sun yi aiki a matsayin ilimi cibiyoyin. Koyar da a cikinsu aka za'ayi a matakin qarshe. Irin wannan cibiyar, misali, wani sufi a Noland. Yana sarrafa a kan samun kudin shiga generated daga wani mutum ɗari kauyuka, da kuma ta hanyar kyauta daga cikin shugabanni. A wasu birane, na da Indiya sarrafa Observatory. LISSAFI iya lissafi da girma jikuna da square siffofi da yardar kaina rike fractional lambobi. Good aka ɓullo da a India magani. A littafin ya bayyana tsarin da jikin mutum da kuma kayan ciki. Indian likitoci suna amfani game da 200 daban-daban kayayyakin aiki da kuma hanyar maganin sa barci, yi hadaddun ayyukan. Don kafa ganewar asali, likitoci auna yanayin jiki na haƙuri ta bugun jini, gani duba da haƙuri, da biyan hankali ga harshe da kuma launin fata. Art da kuma kimiyya a na da Indiya kai unprecedented Heights.

dutse sassaka

Ta yi aiki a matsayin wani ado na architecture. Matsayin mai mulkin, da sassaka da aka gabatar na ado high reliefs. A duk wadannan Figures aka haɗa dangi. Yunkuri, gestures, postures mutane duba abin mamaki m da ma'ana. Wannan shi ne saboda da tasiri a kan ci gaban dance art sassaka, wanda ya tartsatsi a cikin Indiya, tare da mafi zamanin da. A dutse shi ne har yanzu a Ashoka fara haifar da kogon haikalin da kuma Kwayoyin for kwantata sufi. Sun kasance kananan da kuma haihuwa na zama katako gine-gine. A arewacin India, gina haikalin oblong-m (parabolic) siffar. A saman su gina laima lotus. A wajen kudu, da haikalin sun kasance a cikin wani nau'i na rectangular dala. Tu cikin dakin shi ya duhu da kuma low. Suka kira huruminsa. Shiga su iya ba kowa da kowa. Ibada tsakar gida da aka yi wa ado da sculptures depicting almara scenes ko fassara a cikin wani m nau'i na bauta wa Allah, ɗaukaka wanda yake cikin Haikali ya gina. Daga bisani, a Indiya, musamman a kudancin kasar, sculptural abubuwa zama sosai cewa addini gine-gine sun yi aiki a matsayin pedestals a gare su. Waɗannan ne waɗanda suke misali da Ibada a Orissa Konarak, Khajuraho.

gargajiya ayyukan

A tsakiyar zamanai a cikin mafi sassa na India don ƙirƙirar su ta amfani da netting harsuna. A wannan yanayin, da yawa kasida sun rubuta a Sanskrit. Wannan adabi da aka refining da classic samfurori farko. Duk da haka, a kan lokaci, ya zama mafi ladabi da lasafta a cikin kotu. A wannan aikin, misali, shi ne wata waka "Ramacharita". A kowace aya, shi sa wata biyu ma'anar, wanda za a iya daidaita tare da sarki abubuwa Rampal ga exploits na almara na Rama. A tsakiyar zamanai shayari ci gaba a cikin babban, duk da haka, ga 12-13 ƙarni. Shi ya fara bayyana da kuma matsayi. Works rubuta a Sanskrit a cikin Genre na firam labarai - labaru da alaka da guda giciye-yanke theme. Saboda haka, misali, wata labari "Kadambari". Wannan aiki ya gaya labarin biyu masoya suka yi rayuwa a cikin ƙasa sau biyu, a cikin daban-daban guises. A cikin satirical labari "The Adventure na 10 sarakuna" izgili da shugabanni, ascetics, manyanmu da kuma ko alloli.

flowering

Yana da dama a kan IV-VI ƙarni. A wannan lokacin, da arewacin India aka sõyayya a cikin wani iko jihar. An gudanar da sarakunan Gupta daular. Rinjaye a cikin wadanda yankunan na da art watsu kudancin yankunan. A addinin Buddha gidajen lama da kuma haikalin a Ajanta kiyaye musamman misalai na lokaci. A fannin daga 2nd karni a lokacin da tara m ƙarni zo 29 kogwanni. Su, rufi, katangu, ginshikan fentin al'amuran addinin Buddha Legends, ado da sassaka da sassaka. Ajanta amsa kamar yadda a cibiyar ba kawai daga addini, amma kuma na art da kuma kimiyya. A halin yanzu, shi alama ce da yawa daga cikin ruhun tsufa. A Ajanta janyo hankalin masu yawa yawon bude ido daga ko'ina cikin duniya.