Mexico: wani nau'i na gwamnati da kuma yankin-jihar tsarin

Mexico, nau'i na gwamnati, a jihar da kuma yankin tsarin wanda za a yi la'akari da mu - a kasar wanda shi ne a kan arewa, da widest wani ɓangare na Isthmus, har ya zuwa kudu na Amurka kan iyaka da kuma ta haɗu da biyu nahiyar Amirka: Arewa da ta Kudu.

wani yanki na 1,958 miliyan murabba'in mita. km. Daga cikin wadannan, 5.4 sq. M. km ne a kan tsibirin. United States Mexico a kan yammacin gaba an wanke ta da ruwan da Gulf of California da kuma Pacific, da kuma a gabas - Caribbean Sea da kuma Gulf of Mexico. A kasar da aka kẽwayesu a kan kudu da Belize da kuma Guatemala. Mexico - a kasar da cewa yana cikin shimfiɗar jariri, da New World wayewar. A yau akwai rayuwa game da biyar na yawan na Latin Amurka.

A mafi muhimmanci facts daga tarihi na Mexico

Kafin mu yi magana game da abin da nau'i na gwamnati a Mexico, bayar da shawarar cewa ka farko samun matsahi na saba da babban events na tarihi, ya rinjayi samuwar na yankin gwamnati. Mexican ƙasa ya dade da aka sanaki Native American kabilu (da Olmecs, Toltecs, Mayans, Aztecs, da sauransu.), Wanne kai a fairly babban matakin ci gaba. A cikin tsawon daga 16th zuwa farkon karni na 19th, kasar da aka mai mallaka na Spain. A 1821 ta sami 'yancin kanta. A sakamakon haka, ya faru a cikin 1910-17 biennium. da bourgeois-demokra] iyya juyin juya hali, aza harsashin ginin zamani zamantakewa da siyasa tsarin da ke jihar. Duk wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun rinjayi hanyar wanda ya samar da da hukumar ta ci gaba a Mexico a yau. Yadda yake a yau a jihar shi ne wani agrarian-masana'antu kasar. Tsarin jari-hujja a shi ci gaba a tsakiyar matakin.

Mexican kundin tsarin mulkin kasar

Form na Board a Mexico ne yake kunshe a cikin kundin tsarin mulki. A kasar a daban-daban lokaci na tarihi akwai kawai 3 main dokar. Soma a 1824. A Tsarin Mulki ya kafa wata tarayya tsarin. Wannan a shi da wani nau'i na gwamnati a Mexico ya kasance canzawa zuwa wannan rana. Amurka ta Tarayya tsarin da aka dauka a matsayin wani samfurin. A 1857, da wadannan kundin tsarin mulkin da aka soma. Ta kuma bayar da} ungiyoyin da kuma hakkokin siyasa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki aiki a yau, da aka soma Fabrairu 5, 1917

Wannan dokar ya rike da mulkin demokra] iyya da kuma masu sassaucin ra'ayi hali, kazalika da wani gagarumin ɓangare na dokar a 1857. Duk da haka, shi yana neman sauyi halin da ake ciki. 1917 kundin tsarin mulki a hada da hakkin ya sami aiki, da ka'idodin agrarian gyara, tabbatar da adalci, secularism kuma kishin kasa. A cewar wannan takarda, da jami'an dake wakiltar dukkan manyan jam'iyyun siyasa da kungiyoyin a kasar, an ƙaryata da dama da za a zabe su a karo na biyu. A kundin tsarin mulki na 1917 ya da yawa ƙarfafa zartarwa ikon a kasar, kamar Mexico. Its nau'i na gwamnati - shugaban jamhuriyar. A nan, m siyasa gwamnatin, hada abubuwa na komai haqqinsa mulkin da kuma dimokuradiyya.

tsarin shari'ar

A general, da shari'a da tsarin na jihar kamar Mexico, nasa ne da Romano-Jamus tsarin shari'ar. Shi ne wani ɓangare na da Latin American kungiyar, quite baya. Mexican tsarin shari'ar da aka kafa, kamar yadda a sauran kasashe a cikin kungiyar, a kan tushen da wadannan hudu na shari'a da al'adu: Spanish, Indian, Anglo-American kuma Faransa.

A tarihin ci gaban da tsarin shari'ar

The asali dalilin ta - socionormative tsarin da Indians, da 'yan asalin jama'ar na jihar. Ta har yanzu jera kiyaye su, musamman a cikin Sphere na aiki da kuma kungiyar na yankunan karkara. Spanish mulkin mallaka ya gane su kuma ba da izni India dopravovye da ka'idoji. A daidai wannan lokaci mulkin mallaka ayyukan, rayayye biyã da Spain, ya kai ga cewa a Mexico kafa Spanish doka al'adu. A da ginshikin - hadisai na Roman doka tunani da kuma Roman dokar.

Mexico, tun samu 'yancin kai a 1821, kazalika da sauran kasashen dake yankin suka fara kirkiro da kansa tsarin shari'a. A matsayin tushen da dokokin da aka dauka na bourgeois France, ba mulkin gargajiya Spain. Faransa lauyoyi da kuma malamai sun sa a gaba da ra'ayin wani Azancin jiwuwa tsarin dokoki, da ya jitu da sentiments na Mexico bourgeoisie. Shape cikin Mexico, da Board a halin yanzu dangane da wadannan kasashe.

Idan abin koyi ga Mexican zaman kansa dokar bayan da kasar ta samu 'yanci ya kasance cikin Turai shi ne dokokin domin jama'a dokar - kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka. Daga cikin gane a ƙarƙashin rinjayar constitutionalism North American ideas hada da rabuwa da Iko, jumhuriya, cak da ma'aunan shugaban ikon, kuma haka a kan .. Duk wadannan ka'idojin a baya gwada a Amurka, da aka nuna a cikin ta farko Mexican tsarin mulkin kasa, sa'an nan ɓullo da a halin yanzu doka ta asali 1917, wanda ya ƙunshi wani nau'i na gwamnati a Mexico a wannan lokacin.

A tsarin shari'ar

Kuma dama dukkan sauran Latin American kasashe, da Mexican yana da kyau codified. Ma duk na babban sassa na jama'a da kuma masu zaman kansu hakkin da mutum lambobin da aka soma. Su tsarin complements da a kara sikelin da yanzu dokokin.

Game da dokoki, sun kasu kashi talakawa da kuma Organic, cewa shi ne, wanda suka karbi kai tsaye Yankawa daga cikin kundin tsarin mulki. Tarayya nau'i na gwamnati a Mexico nuna cewa jihohi ana gyarawa fairly manyan ikokin a cikin Sphere na dokokin. Sun riƙi yakin hanya, ƙungiyoyin da laifi hanya da kuma Final lambobin, kazalika da harkokin kudi da administrative dokar. A rikici mulki a Mexico a 1917, kundin tsarin mulki azurta wani muhimmin matsayi. Yana ta'allaka ne da cewa rikitarwa a tsakanin dokar tarayya da jihar entails da aikace-aikace na nagartacce ne tarayya dokokin. An samun muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kafofin shari'a, a Mexico a cikin wannan ƙarnin play (a matakin jihohi da kuma a matakin tarayya) ƙarƙashin dokokin.

Municipal ayyukan - magangara mafi ƙasƙanci matakin da tsarin. Nau'i na gwamnati a Mexico a cikin karni na 20th yana nufin cewa municipalities, bisa ga kundin tsarin mulki, ya zama a oda cewa ta dace management kuma domin a daidai da matsayin soma da majalisar dokokin jihar. Bugu da kari, ya kamata su bayar da circulars, administrative dokoki, kazalika da janar arziki game da su iyawa.

zartarwa ikon

The shugaban zartarwa ne shugaban kasar a cikin kasa kamar Mexico. A tsari na gwamnati a jihar ta Tarayya. Siyasa ikon ne yadda ya kamata a cikin hannun located in Mexico City National gwamnatin. Shugaban aka zabe ta a kai tsaye ke wahala ga wani ajali na 6 shekaru. Masu nema dole ne a kalla shekaru 35 da haihuwa, ya dole ne sun zauna a ƙasar har shekara kafin zaben, kazalika da zama a 'yan qasar-haife Mexican. A cikin hali na mutuwa na shugaban kasar mai ci nada wani sabon zaben. Su kuma iya daukar wuri saboda rashin iyawa na da shugaban kasar ya yi aikinsu a lokacin shekaru biyu na farkon wa'adin shugabancin kasar.

Yau, Mexican shugaban kasar Enrike Penya Nieto ne (ya photo da aka gabatar a sama). Ya kuma an zabe a 2012. Shugaban aka haife shi a shekarar 1966, Yuli 20, wato, ya yanzu Shekaru 49 da haihuwa. Shi ne magaji Felipe Calderon. A zaben na shugaban kasa na Mexico zira game da 37% na kuri'un. Kafin zauna da irin wannan matsayi na nauyin, ya ne 6 shekaru (daga 2005 zuwa 2011) shi ne gwamnan jihar na Mexico, kuma ko da a baya (2003-04) ya memba na gida majalisar dokokin kasar. A halin yanzu shugaban kasar ne hukumomi Revolutionary Party.

shugaban kasa iko

The shugaban zartarwa na da yawa masu iko. Ya na da hakkin na majalisar dokoki himma, ya iya sanya da kuma cire daga ofishin mafi girma, jami'an gwamnati, ciki har da gwamnonin jihohi, yankuna, da tarayya gundumomi. Shugaba promulgates dokokin. Bugu da kari, ya umurci sojojin.

Shugaban kasar - mai taimakawa adadi a ginshikai na jihar ikon, wanda daukawa fitar da jirgi a cikin Mexico. Ya rike, da sauransu, da dama daga kujerar naƙi. Duk da haka, shi ne ba yadu a yi amfani da wannan kasa, kamar yadda a cikin tsarin na shugaba da kuma Congress of dangantakar rinjaye a gaskiya, na farko shi ne don sarrafa dukan majalisu tsari, ko da yake da Mexican jihar nau'i na gwamnati da cewa ba ya nufa. A iko na shugaban kasar sun hada da gabatarwar a kasa gaggawa, da dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin daban-daban tabbacin, kazalika da shi zai iya tsoma baki a cikin harkokin na Mexico jihohi. A lokuta da aka ambata a cikin kundin tsarin mulki, ya na da hakkin ya fitowa da dokoki da karfi na doka. Yana iya kuma motsa jiki da wannan dama bisa ga shi da iko na majalisar wakilan.

tarayya gwamnati

Aiwatar da zartarwa shugaban faruwa ta hanyar tarayya gwamnati. Yana aiki a kan tushen da Organic Law, da aka buga da Congress. Domin tarayya gwamnatin hada da ma'aikatun karkashin jagorancin ministocin (sakatarorin na jihar), kazalika da administrative sassan.

Me kuma za ka bukatar ka gaya, m taken "The nau'i na gwamnati da kuma yankin gwamnati na Mexico na'urar"? All umarni, yanke shawara da kuma dokokin da shugaban kasar na dokokin dole ne a sanya hannu da shugaban Game da administrative sashen ko da sakataren harkokin, to wanda management tana nufin al'amarin. In ba haka ba ba za su kasance enforceable. A shugabannin administrative sassa da kuma sakatarorin na jihar a lokacin bude zaman na Congress kamata ku bayar da shugaban kasar da wani rahoto a kan al'amura a sassan. Majalisar ministocin ta gabatar da 19th jihar sassan: harkokin waje, Interior, Navy, tsaro, makamashi da kuma hakar ma'adinai, sha'anin kudi, sadarwa da sufuri da aikin gona da albarkatun ruwa, aiki da kuma jin dadin jama'a, da ilimi, agrarian garambawul, shugaban gwamnati, yawon shakatawa, kiwon lafiya, da adalci, kiwon kifi, kazalika da kula da kuma kudi management.

Mun yi magana game da zartarwa. Za ka kuma koyi game da yadda siffofin gwamnati da kuma shugabanci a Mexico sun canza cikin tarihi. Bari yanzu mu ci gaba da shawara na majalisar dokoki a wannan kasa.

majalisar dokoki

Ta aka saye bisa ga kundin tsarin mulki, da National Congress, kunsha na biyu da bẽnãye. A kasa, ko na majalisar wakilai, (hoton sama), wakilta 500 members. Wakilai, an zabe na tsawon shekaru 3 bisa ga ke wahala. Daga kowane 250 dubu. Man ko sãshensa a wuce haddi na 125 da dubu., Has daya Mataimakin. 300 na su (akwai, kamar yadda muka ce, 500) an zaba a single-memba mazabu, wani 200 - a kan manufa na gwargwado misali.

A hoto sama nuna majalisar dattijai ginin, dake a cikin kasar babban birnin kasar, Mexico City. Majalisar Dattijan - wannan benen. An wakilta 128 members. Suna zaba ta hanyar 4 daga kowace jiha, kazalika da Babban Birnin Tarayya. A zaben faru da kai tsaye ke wahala. Wakilai, an izini na tsawon shekaru 6. A lokaci guda a kowace 6 shekaru akwai cikakken juyawa na majalisar wakilai na majalisar dattijai a kasar, kamar Mexico, na Republican nau'i na gwamnati wanda ke nufin cewa jama'a hukuma dole ne a zabe ko sanya wani ajali.

Bayan da garambawul na 1993 da jam'iyyun adawa bayar da a kalla a kwata na duk kujerun a majalisar dattijai. A kowace shekara akwai Congress fee ga zaman. Yana da aka gudanar a lokacin daga 1 Satumba zuwa 31 ga watan Disamba. Dokoki iko a lokacin hutu a aikin zaunannen kwamitin majalisar ne. Ta nada shafe biyu bẽnãye.

jam'iyyar wakilci

A jihar nau'i na Board a Mexico ya nuna cewa, a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki, sake zaben zuwa wani jama'a ofishin za a haramta, ciki har da duka gidajen Congress. A Mexico, a 1993, soma wani kyautatuwa da kundin tsarin mulki. A cewar ta, "ƙarƙashin magana" ya kamata a share. A cewar shi, idan jam'iyyar karba fadin kasar 35% na kuri'un da, shi ne ta atomatik ba a yawancin wuraren. Wannan kyautatuwa ba da damar wani jam'iyyar zai samu a Lower House of fiye da 315 a majalisar dokokin. Af, wani kyautatuwa da doka ta asali na kasar za su kawai a karɓa idan suna da yabo na akalla 325 wakilai,. Wannan yana nufin cewa babu wani daga cikin jam'iyyun ba zai iya yi da shi ta hanyar da kanta.

Executive ikon da aka sarrafawa da Congress kawai a ka'idar har 1990s. A gaskiya ma, da ikon da shugaban kasar ya kusan cikakkar. Shi ne saboda da hukumomi Revolutionary Party (PRI), wanda ya mulki a lokacin, aka gudanar da wani cikakken rinjaye na kujeru a duka gidaje. A Yuli 1997 tsakiyar wa'adi zaben, wanda hana PRI cewa gata da aka gudanar. Duk da haka, mafi yawan kujeru a majalisar dattijai zauna ga wannan jam'iyyar. Sakamakon 2000 zaben, babu wani daga cikin jam'iyyun ke da rinjaye a majalisar.

tallafi na dokokin

Kowane ayyukan da dokoki da dokokin, da tattaunawa da wanda yake ba a cikin m iyawa na Upper ko Lower House tattauna sequentially a kowane daga cikinsu. Lissafin, ya yarda da abin da aka asali sanya, sa'an nan ta aika wa sauran domin tattaunawa. Idan aka amince da sauran jam'iyya, shi ya ba da zartarwa reshe. Ta, babu shike, nan da nan ta wallafa. The daftarin umurnin ko dokar, partially ko gaba daya sun ƙaryata da zartarwa, ta sake koma cikin comments a cikin dace unguwa, daya daga wanda ya zo. A hanya ne sai ya maimaita. The aikin za a hukunta doka ta ko, idan ya iya samun 2/3 daga cikin jimlar kuri'un da aka kada a kowane jam'iyya. Bayan haka, zartarwa ikon shi wallafa.

Idan aikin da aka ƙi da daya daga cikin bẽnãye, ya kõma da ya dace comments, zuwa ga daya daga wanda ya zo. Idan aka soma bayan reconsideration da wani cikakken rinjaye na 'yan, ta kõma, zuwa ga |ãkin su da su kãfirta da shi. Wannan ne sake la'akari da aikin da kuma yarda da shi ta wannan rinjaye, shi na samar da zartarwa reshe. Idan aikin da aka ba su yarda da House sake, ba zai iya sake kawo a cikin wani aure zaman.

da sashen shari'a tsarin

Mun ci gaba da zuwa faye hali a kasar kamar Mexico. A tsari na gwamnati da kuma tsarin siyasa da aka dauke shi da mu. Ostalos gaya kawai game da tsarin shari'a. Yana da aka raba a Mexico jihar kotunan tarayya da kotuna. Su tambaya bisa ga na gida da kuma dokokin na tarayya. Kotun Koli ne a kai na tarayya sashe shari'a. Ya kunshi - 21 alƙalai. Suna sanya wani ajali na 6 shekaru, da shugaban kasar, tare da yarda daga majalisar dattijai. Kotun Koli yana administrative da bangaren shari'a kan ƙarƙashin gabobin da tsarin. Akwai circumferential fita (12), unitary circumferential fita (daga 9) da kuma circumferential (total 68) kotuna.

A mafi kotu a kasar ne Kotun Koli na Jamhuriyar. Yana hada da wani primary memba 21 da kuma ƙarin 5. Yana aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na da bẽnãye, ko plenum. Ƙarin membobin wannan kotun ne da hannu a cikin ayyukan da Plenum kawai a lokacin da suka maye gurbin wakilan Kotun Koli. A karshe na 'yan kungiyar a shekara zaben shugaba, wanda za a iya sake.

Shugaban Jamhuriyar zai sanya 'yan Kotun Koli. Su gabatarwa dole ne ma za a amince da majalisar sanatoci. Af, idan shawarar da aka ba sanya a wani lokaci, wannan na daidaita zuwa yabo.

District kuma County kotuna, da Kotun Koli da Jamhuriyar siffofi. A cikin shekaru hudu, da alkali ya yi aikinsu. A cikin hali na gabatarwa ko sake-zaben, sun za a iya cire daga ofishin kawai ta hanyar siyasa fitina (tsige). Kotun Koli na Jamhuriyar, a Bugu da kari, sanya ƙarin yankin ko gundumar hukunci. Su taimaka juri ko kotuna, wanda aka dora tare da lokuta.

Saboda haka, za mu taƙaice bayyana a kasa kamar Mexico. A tsari na gwamnati a wannan kasar, kazalika da ta jiha-yankin tsarin a general da aka tattauna. Muna fatan wannan bayani ne amfani a gare ku. A tsari na gwamnati da kuma yankin naúrar na Mexico - zaren bayyana cewa zai iya zama dogon isa. Mu yi kokarin gabatar da kawai ya fi muhimmanci bayanai a kan wadannan al'amurra.