Menene Gzhel? Gzhel - wani nau'i na kasa

Menene "Gzhel"? Craft ko high art? Amsar wannan tambaya ta kasance a saman. Gzhel, wanda tarihinsa ya koma farkon karni na 14, ya gudanar da ziyarci yawancin hypostases a cikin shekaru da yawa. Wannan "impermanence" ba ya ɓatar da haɗin fasahar sana'a. A karo na farko, an ambaci fasalin "Gzhel" a cikin hadisin Ivan Kalita, Grand Duke na Moscow, a shekara ta 1340, wanda ya ba da umarnin samun gado na yayinda yaro ga dansa.

Gzhel ko gurasa

Sunan "Gzhel", wanda tarihin bayyanarsa har yanzu yana da rikici, duk da haka ya wanzu a cikin halin yanzu na dogon lokaci. Bazawar ra'ayi ba na da muhimmanci. Wasu masana kimiyyar ilimin kimiyya sunyi cewa sun samo asali ne daga kogin Gzhelka, Gzholka ko Gzhelka da ke gudana a yankin Dnieper na Dnieper, wasu masu kwararru suna son yin la'akari da cewa asalin aikin gzhel ne ake kira kuka, saboda kayayyakin yumburan sun kone kuma sun kone su. Kuma haruffan sun riga sun sake haruffa da wasu mutanen Rashanci kansu, wanda ya bambanta cikin al'ada na al'ada na canzawa, da fadi da juyawa. Alal misali, wani mutumin Rasha ya furta kalmar "omnibus" a matsayin "hug". Kuma babu abin da za a iya yi game da wannan. Saboda haka a nan kuma akwai kirtani da gzhel.

Yumbu mai laushi ga magunguna

Menene Gzhel? Wannan wuri, wanda aka fi sani da shi don yaduwar launin launi mai kyau, wanda aka cire shi a karni na 17. A 1663 ya bayar da umarni na Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, wanda karanta: "a cikin Ikklesiya Gzhel tsantsa lãka, wanda ya dace domin Pharmaceutical tasoshin alchemical eh." Kuma wajan kwallia 15 da aka ɗauka da yumbu aka kai su Moscow zuwa tsarin kantin magani. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Gzhel masana'antun masana'antu sun zama mai samar da yumɓun fata don Moscow pharmacists. Wani masanin kimiyya na Rasha, Mikhail Lomonosov, ya ce: "Akwai kasa mai tsabta, ba tare da haɗuwa ba, fiye da Gzhel, wanda masu kare lafiyar sun kira budurwa, saboda tsabta da tsarki." Bugu da ƙari ga nau'in launi na fari, da dama wasu nau'o'in masana'antu masana'antu suna boye a cikin Gzhel daji, dace da samar da samfurori daban-daban, ciki har da masu fasaha. Masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙari su ƙayyade yawan adadin ajiyar ta hanyar lissafi mai sauƙi, amma babu wani abu da ya faru - ya zama a bayyane yake cewa shimfidar bincike ne kawai wani ɓangare na tafki na ainihi. Tsayawa ba shi da wata mahimmanci: akwai matakan albarkatu masu yawa don fiye da ɗaya tsara.

Menene Gzhel dangane da masu sana'a

Kusan kusan shekaru 400 a cikin Gzhel workshops suka yi tukwane daga tukwane, tanda tanda da kuma yara yara kayan wasa.

A cikin 1812 a cikin lardin akwai 25 shuke-shuke da suka samar da wani babban adadin kayan abinci dafa abinci. Abubuwan da ke tsibirin Laptev da Ermil Ivanov da ke cikin ƙauyen Kuziaevo suna da muhimmanci sosai. Masu sayarwa ba su kula ba kawai ga ma'aikata ba, yana da muhimmanci a tabbatar cewa samfurin ya yi ta daya daga cikin uku mafi girma daraja: Kokun Ivan, Gusyatnikov Nikifor ko Ivan Sroslay. Duk da yake cikin forerunners na duniya-sanannen Gzhel art kayayyakin sun lãka toys da figurines, dabbobi, da tsuntsaye, da dawakai, da tsana. Kowane abu ya sami mai saye.

Zane-zane na samfurori

Mene ne Gzhel dangane da 'yan kasashen waje? Bayan da aka samo kaumin Minino a cikin wani nau'i na filayen filastik na yumɓu mai laushi, masana'antun gyare-gyare na gida sun samar da kayan daji, wanda daga bisani suka yi amfani da su, da kuma kayan da aka yi da kvass da kumgans. Kuma a farkon rabin karni na 19 an samar da kayan girke-girke na Gzhel mai launin shudi da fari. Kasashen waje, magoya bayan al'adun {asar Rasha, sun hanzarta mayar da hankali ga kayayyakin da ba su da amfani, kuma kyakkyawa sun fi muni ga mashahuran mashahuran masarautar Masarautar Jamus. Saboda haka, kalmar "gzhel - jita-jita" ta samu wani ma'ana. Dokokin sun fadi a kan ma'aikatan fasaha, shi ne farkon zamanin Gzhel na ainihi.

A wannan lokacin a Rasha basu da kwarewa ko kayan kwalliya don cin abinci, gidajen azurfa masu yawa da aka yi amfani da azurfa a gidajen masu arziki, kuma mutanen da ke tsakiya suna jin daɗi tare da faranti, kofuna da sauye da yumɓu mai laushi. Saboda haka ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa tare da zuwan Gzhel kayan dafa abinci, hakikanin ainihin ya fara. Kasuwanci da industrialists zarar ya bayyana cewa cookware kasuwar bukatar a sararin yawan kyau sets, kofi da shayi, sauki da kuma festive. Kuma Gzhel jita-jita ba zai iya zama mafi kyau dace ga wadannan dalilai.

Tsohon Muminai Yakov Kuznetsov

A 1812, wani mazaunin kauyen Novokharitonovsky, wani Yakov Vasilyevich Kuznetsov, tsohon Tsohon Muminai ta bangaskiya, ya bude wani ƙananan ƙwayar fili, wanda nan da nan ya karu da girman babban kamfanoni da rassa a Rybinsk, Tver da Riga. Abubuwan da ke cikin "Gzhel", wadanda aka gabatar da hotuna a kan shafin, wanda ake buƙatar haɗin kwarewa a masana'arsu. Bugu da ƙari, kowane sabon shuka kuma yana bukatar likitoci, kuma Yakov Vasilyevich ya fara kiran masu zane da masu fasaha daga waje. Mutane sun zo ne a matsayin iyalansu duka, an ba su gidaje kuma suna samar da yanayi mai kyau a cikin bege cewa zasu zauna na dogon lokaci. Don haka, 'ya'yan kwararrun gayyata sun gajiyar sana'ar iyayensu kuma suna cigaba da ci gaba da kasuwanci da suka fara. Sabili da haka, masana'antun masana'antu sun samu nasarar bunkasa, Gzhel na kamala. A daidai wannan lokacin, rabon umarni da 'yan kasashen waje suka yi shine fiye da kashi 80 na yawan fitarwa. A kalmar "gzhel - yi jita-jita" mamaye cinikin. Ana buƙatar yawan kayan aiki, kamfanoni na ƙwayar cuta sun fara shan wahala daga rashin aikin aiki, kuma babu inda za a dauki likitoci. Masu shayarwa sun ninka hajji ga ma'aikata da na uku zuwa ma'aikata. Wadanda suka so su yi aiki a Gzhel kamfanoni sun kara da sauri kuma an warware matsalar tambayoyin dan lokaci. Kamfanonin sun samu cikakkiyar karfi kuma a yanzu samarwa ya isa ga kasuwar Rasha tare da ragi kuma har yanzu ya kasance ga kasashen waje.

Abubuwan da fasaha

Kudin ajiya na yumɓu a yankunan Gzhel ya ƙunshi iri iri 17, wanda za'a iya bambanta manyan manyan abubuwa guda biyu: na farko don samar da layi da layi, wannan shine nau'in "fararen", kuma na biyu shine yatsan giraben Gzhel da majolica.

A babban yuwuwar na ain samar da ya ga sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha Romanov Alexei Mikhailovich. Bayan dan kadan tunani, sarki ya yanke shawara. A cikin Gzhel ƙasar, an kawar da serfdom, masu sana'a sun karbi umarni kyauta daga tsar kuma aka sanya su a gundumar Palace. Masanin kimiyya Mikhailo Lomonosov tare da abokinsa Dmitry Vinogradov sun gano sabon girke-girke na layi, wanda ya dace da tsari na musamman na Gzhel. An gano wannan binciken a cikin shekara ta 1748 kuma tun daga yanzu tarihin farar fata na Rasha a duniya ya fara. A cikin wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, an gina gine-gine na Imperial, wanda ya zama babban masana'antu na masana'antu don samar da furotin a Rasha. Aikin tukunya "Gzhel" ba da daɗewa ba ya sami matsayi na masana'antu.

Popularity na Gzhel fishery

A cikin karni na 19 Gzhel kayan yadawa ya yada a ko'ina cikin kasar Rasha. Mene ne halayyar, yawan masana'antu na masana'antu sun samar, mafi kyau ya zama. A cikin tarihin tarihin Tsohon Chancellor na wannan lokaci, an tsara wajan kayan aikin kayan cin gadon sarauta, wanda aka rubuta wa ma'aikatan Gzhel na kwalliya mai suna Stepan Afanasyev: "... zuwa ga tsarin waje na kirki mai ƙauna ...", wanda ke nufin "daidai da mafi kyawun ingancin waje". Kuma dole ne mu ɗauka cewa masu sana'a masu fasaha da suka yi aiki don mai sayar da kayayyaki Afanasyev, wanda ya dace da aikin. Duk da haka, masana'antun masana'antu sun yi tsalle a tsakaninsu, suna ƙoƙari su ci gaba da juna a matsayin samfurin. Ya kasance gagarumar nasara, wanda babu wata hamayya. A akasin wannan, mashãwarta sun yi ƙoƙarin raba abubuwan da suka koya kuma suna nuna wa juna asirin abin da ke ɓoyewa.

Classics ne mai launin fari-fari

A hankali, duk samfurori na masana'antun katako na Rasha, waɗanda aka samar a ƙarƙashin alama "Gzhel", hotuna sun nuna wannan, suka tafi canza launin tare da launin shuɗi. Wannan launi ya zama "alama" da farko don yin jita-jita, sa'an nan kuma ga dukan sauran kayayyakin, kayan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma abubuwan tunawa. Monochrome cobalt, wani kyakkyawan launin launi mai launin fata, an samu a cikin 1735 da wani dan asalin likitancin kasar Georgia Georg Brand na dutse pyrites.

Bugu da ƙari da launi na "kamfanoni", an rarrabe kayayyakin Gine-gizen Gzhel ta hanyar kyawawan alamu. Masu zane-zane sun fentin da kansu, ba tare da zane-zane da zane ba, nan da nan "aka lasafta," kuma wannan ya yi. Gzhel hoto - shi ne ko da yaushe tabbatar da m image, wanda aka sosai da wuya maimaita. "A ƙarƙashin takarda carbon" samfurori mai launin shuɗi da fari suna bayar ne kawai a matsayin kyauta, sannan kuma a cikin kananan jerin. M "Gzhel" - shi ne m kofe sanya a mai kyau m matakin.

Hoto na Hotuna

Kayan fasaha da aka yi amfani da su a Gzhel sune daban-daban kuma suna da tasiri. Masters ba su nema hanyoyi masu sauƙi ba, suna aiki a kan makircinsu masu mahimmanci, a kan sauyawa sababbin hanyoyin. Kwanan nan 'yan wasa na Gzhel sun fara amfani da fasahar zane-zane na zane-zane, suna tayar da hankali da kuma raguwa, lokacin da ake amfani da nauyin katako mai laushi a cikin yumɓu mai laushi, ƙarƙashin gwaninta, kuma an shirya kayan ado mafi kyau a kan haske. Dole ne a ce cewa wannan hanya ita ce ta ƙarshe a cikin jerin sababbin abubuwa, saboda a wannan lokacin Gzhel kayayyakin sun daina zama alatu kuma sun shiga rayuwar yau da kullum. Ta haka ne, zane-zane da fari, dakin cin abinci, kwanduna, kayan wasan yara da wasu abubuwa sun kasance a kan rafi.

Lokaci na ƙwaƙwalwa

Bayan juyin juya halin 1917, an rufe yawancin masana'antun gyare-gyare, tun da babu wanda zai gudanar da kasuwanci a samarwa - masanan injiniyoyi, dukansu, da suka yi hijira, da kuma sauran ma'aikata ba za su iya magance ayyukan ba. Duk da haka, bayan shekaru ashirin da rashin aiki, zane mai laushi ya fara dawo da hankali. An kaddamar da hanyar sake farfadowa ta hanyar aikin ba da kwarewa na masu zane-zane, masu sha'awar fasaha na Gzhel.

Ta taimakawa wajen sake farfado da fasahar Gzhel ta zane ta hanyar zane-zane N. I. Bessarabova, wanda masanin fasahar mai suna A. B. Saltykov ya goyi bayanta. A karkashin jagorancin su, an sake dawo da kayan aiki na kasa kuma an sake zane-zane masu launin shuɗi da fari a fadin duniya.

"Gzhel" a yau

A halin yanzu, ma'adanin na "Gzhel" ya ci gaba da halittu farfadowa, akwai wani sabon ƙarni na talented artists aiki a cikin gargajiya hanya, amma tare da yin amfani da yankan-baki fasahar. "Gzhel bush" yana da nisan kilomita 60 daga Moscow, yana kan hanyar jagorancin Murom, ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka 27, a cikin kowannensu yana rayuwa da kuma masu aikin gwaninta da masu fasaha.

Yau "Gzhel" shine yaudarar kasar, katin kasuwancin Rasha a fannin zane-zane, tare da Khokhloma, Zhostovo sana'a, Fedoskino miniatures - duk waɗannan kayan aikin kasar Rasha ne. "Gzhel" yana jagorantar wannan babban jerin.