Mene ne topography na Anatomy? yankin haltta

Kalmar "topography" (definition fara bayyana a fannin binciken kasa) da aka fassara daga Girkanci matsayin ", don bayyana yankin." A cikin XIX karni. godiya ga aikin da mafĩfita likita Nikolai Pirogov kalma resound a sabon hanyoyi. Daga cikin kimiyya ta duniya surface tsarin da lokaci gudun hijira zuwa rukunan da mutum jiki, ya samu duniya daraja in an jima. A sabon horo da ake kira "Topographic ilmin jikin mutum."

Poznan

Mene ne topography na magani, ya san kowane dalibi wani na farko hanya na wani ma'aikata m profile. Wannan horo an karatu da tsari na mutum sassa da kayan ciki, kazalika da hulda da juna.

Topographic haltta yana la'akari da tsari da kuma tsarin da aka gyara na jiki da cewa sun canja a sakamakon iri daban-daban pathologies. Tattara bayanan kimiyya a kan su halayyar canjawa saboda m yanayi, shi shirya ilmi, samar da su su da amfani a cikin far da kuma tiyata.

Kamar yadda wani aiyuka da horo, da topography na ciki gabobin da aka karatu da hanyõyi tsarin da yankunan da jikin mutum, idan akai la'akari da shi a cikin daban-daban jirage. Har ila yau, a yankin na amfani da wannan kimiyya sun hada da:

• aiwatar da jini wurare dabam dabam.
• zane hukumomin a kan fata da kuma su wuri dangane da kwarangwal.
• samar da jijiya Kwayoyin, tsokoki da kuma Lymph outflow daga gare su a cikin halitta da kuma pathological yanayi;
• shekaru, jima'i da kuma kundin tsarin fasali na jikin mutum.

ilimi na magana

M topography yanaye ware wadannan ilimin Halittar Jiki yankunan:

• kai (wanda yake shi ne mai sa na yi yardatayya da aiki gabobin kamar kwakwalwa, da idanu, dandano da kanshi rabe, kunnuwa, baki da kuma maƙogwaro).
• wuyansa (a matsayin wani ɓangare haɗa da shugaban ga jiki, ta hanyar abin da wani muhimmanci musamman samar da hanyoyi, kamar da esophagus, maƙogwaro, trachea da jini da kuma arteries).
• akwati (a zahiri, a jiki ne, ko jiki, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi girma yawan m adam gabobin).
• ƙwarai (as mai hankali guda biyu appendages a dangantakarsu da sauran sassa na jiki).

More bambancin yankuna da cewa yin up nazarin halittu halaye na wani mutum, kuma da hannu a cikin topography. Littafi a kan wannan horo, biya mai girma da hankali ga juna tsari na sassa na jiki na da tasiri a jiki surface, shi na samar da janar tsarin ga ganewar asali na cututtuka.

A aikace-aikace na kimiyya da ilmi

A topography na jikin mutum a matsayin tsarin na bayani a kan tsarinta da aiki na aikace-aikace taka muhimmiyar rawa a magani, ba wani ne msar tambayar dalilin gudanar da tiyata.

Sanin da yadudduka na jiki a cikin shugabanci daga surface na fata da nama zurfin zama dole ga kowane yi. Kwatanta tsarin da jikin mutum topography damar da shi zuwa consistently da kuma gwada lafiya a shiga ga yankunan bukatar m baki.

N. Pirogov yi imani da cewa hanyar da cikakken rinjaye na gaza aiki na zamani da likitoci ya ta'allaka ne a kyale da m ilmi. Amsa yawa tambayoyi game da abin da yake cikin topography, da masanin kimiyya kira shi "wani bawan likita." Dogaro kawai a kan ka'idojin ilimi, wanda ba kome ba ne fiye da talakawan selection na data ayyuka ne risking saduwa da surprises a cikin nau'i na mutum halaye na jikin mutum.

koyo m

Kamar yadda wani amfani kimiyya topography (littafi wanda zai biya yawa da hankali ga cikin shakka daga cikin fascial tsokoki) likita fi mai da hankali da hankali ga mafi karami cikakken bayani game da yanayin jikinsu. Sosai gudanar da bincike kan aiyukan kayan da m membrane rufe da gabobin, jini da jijiya zaruruwa, shi kiwon duk data kasance dokoki

Kirkiro yadda duk da haka ba a sani ba zuwa kimiyya ilimin Halittar Jiki dokokin, don bincika sabuwar m hanyoyin samar da ayyukan - duk wadannan al'amurra ake aikatã game da ilimin Halittar Jiki topography. Taron gunduma amfani a cikin wannan horo da kuma raba jiki daga gefe zuwa gefe, jera gina a kan wannan akida, kamar yadda da sharuddan amfani da kimiyya da tsarin da duniya ta surface. Zuwa ga waɗanda, misali, hada da ma'anonin:

• tsakiya kuma da a kaikaice,
• manya da ƙananan
• kusa da na nesa,
• da dama, hagu.
• ƙanana da manyan, da dai sauransu

Domin samuwar kyakkyawar fahimtar abin da topography na Anatomy, ya kamata ka yi la'akari da shi na muhimmancin gaske ga nazarin irin likita events kamar effects a kan CNS da PNS. Kamar yadda kimiyya na jiki a matsayin dukan, shi ne na girma darajar da bincike da kuma, kyakkyawan, kayyade duk data kasance magani tsarin.

Ba kamar talakawa haltta

Na farko kuma mafi fili alama ne mai m tsarin kula da topography mutum bayanin. Sai ta bayyana zumunta wuri na jikinsu na yankunan, da classic haltta shiga da su a cikin tsarin: motsi, da numfashi, da jini wurare dabam dabam, da dai sauransu. Bugu da kari, da kimiyya game sassa na jiki na synthesizes ilmi. A gargajiya haltta yana ba da fifiko ga bincike (as cikakken tsarin da mutum gabobin).

Amsar abin da yake cikin topography, ba zai zama cikakken ba tare da shan la'akari da musamman sha'awa cewa wannan kimiyya farfado to canje-canje a cikin tsokoki na jiki da fallasa su dukan pathologies. Saboda haka, godiya ga wannan kimiyya zama da aka sani nawa tasiri kumburi tafiyar matakai da asali tsari da kuma hali na jikinsu. Sau da yawa, mafi yawan matsaloli a samar aiki ne da alaka da wani karfi nuna bambanci zaruruwa fallasa da ƙari tsari, dangi zuwa su na farko matsayi.

Topographic ilimin halittàr jiki da kai

Iyakar wannan yanki na jiki tare da wuyansa kara tare da m muƙamuƙi line. A abun da ke ciki ya hada da fuska da kuma kwakwalwa sassan. A karshen tsaye daga cikin tushe da kuma girman kwanyar vault, wanda shi ne sakamakon hadin gwiwa uku yankuna.

Lobnotemennozatylochnaya yankin yadudduka kunshi:

• Dura.
• ƙasũsuwa,
• periosteum.
• sako-sako da connective nama.
• agara kwalkwali.
• mai;
• fata.

The fasali na tsarin da tsakiya m tsarin, tattara da kuma collating data a kan zumunta aiki na da aka gyara da hannu a cikin topography na kwakwalwa. A al'amari na kumshe cikin kwanyar, ware ta total taimako, kazalika da yammancin duniya. A batu na binciken ne kuma ta ciki tsari. Musamman dauke da ƙananan bangaren kwakwalwa da kuma kowane daga cikin sassan.

Hemispheric surface nazari furrows da elevations, wanda ake dake tsakanin su. Babban muhimmanci da aka bai wa juna na convolutions. Furrows raba Hemisphere 6 hannun jari.

muƙamuƙi tsarin

Kamar yadda ilimin kimiyya topography da hakora ne mai sa na bayanai game da tsarin da kuma aiki na da akida na kashi samuwar a cikin bakinsa. Har ila yau, shi synthesizes data a kan na'urar a matsayin dukan mai muƙamuƙi a musayar tare da mutum baka rami. Mallakar wannan bayani wajibi ne ga shirye-shiryen da hakora da kuma jaws ga likita dalilai: sealing, tsarkakewa daga tushen canals da cavities, shafewa da kuma gyara daga kashi samuwar.

A hakori tsarin wannan ya zama ruwan dare sassa daga gare ta,

• kambi (kafa na hudu ganuwar kuma shi ne triangular, wasu impaction zuwa sama tsaguwa).
• wuyansa.
• (Tushen ne a raba cell da kashi tsarin a cikin m yana da wani musamman connective nama rufe tare da m ciminti).

A tsakiyar kashi samuwar ne m, tapering zuwa saman. Ciki shi ya ƙunshi ɓangaren litattafan almara na hakori, wanda ake kira da ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma shi ne alhakin hakori abinci. Yana articulates tare da sauran yadudduka da kuma zaruruwa jijiyoyi da jini, ta tattara a cikin wani cuta.

Topographic ilimin halittàr jiki da ido

Kamar yadda tsarinta da tsawon da jerin aka gyara wannan jikin da aka dauke su mafi wuya (bayan kwakwalwa). Eyeball, duk da mun gwada da kananan size, shi ya ƙunshi wata babbar adadin da dama tsarin, wani m kewayon ayyuka. Saboda haka, optikobiologicheskaya ƙunshi fiye da miliyan 2.5 abubuwa kyale aiwatar da bayar da zuwa kwakwalwa a babbar yadudduka da bayanai ga kasa da daya bisa ɗari na biyu ne.

ido na'urar daga inji ra'ayi ne da ɗan kamar daukar hoto na'ura. Yana da wannan dalili da cewa haltta ne sau da yawa amfani da Kalmar "Tantancewar topography", wanda yake shi ne mafi daidai a yi amfani da fasaha kimiyyar. Har ila yau, shi ne zartar da wani m bincike Hanyar.

Lens rawa a cikin wannan ma'ana zata buga da sa na cornea, almajiri da ruwan tabarau. A karshen, saboda da ikon bambanta da kwana na curvature, aiki kamar mayar da hankali, daidaitawa da sharpness na image.

topography na wuyansa

Bugu da kari da fata a cikin jerin jiki sassa cewa haɗu da shugaban da jiki sun hada da:

• daure na tsoka zaruruwa.
• "Shimfidawa" a haɗa harsashi (fascia).
• da ake kira "Mahaifa alwatika" (cikin sarari a kewaye da tsoka daure).
• ɓangare na kashin baya shafi (hada da bakwai ƙasũsuwan da m jiki).

A topographic ilimin halittàr jiki da wuyansa yana yanaye raba tsaye midline. Sama da shi ya wuce ta wurin jikin da hyoid kashi, da kuma kasa - terminates a wani lungu na sama na sternum. A kowane daga cikin halves ware fitar biyu iri triangles: da tsakiya kuma a kaikaice.

A farko ne zuwa kashi uku kananan:

• submaxillary (iyakance raya digastric tsoka).
• Drowsy (ya hada da na ciki da kuma na waje arteries).
• scapular-tracheal.

A kaikaice iyakokin a kan tip wani trapezoid, da kuma clavicle, kuma ya hada biyu triangles. A cikin farko akwai:

• daure na rassan da kafada da mahaifa plexus.
• subclavian jijiya (da dukan da bangaren sassa).

A tsarin da juyayi tsarin

Babban aikin da ya yi aikin wannan hadadden kungiya na musamman zaruruwa, shi ne mai karatu na waje sakamakon da yanayi da kuma dace martani a CNS.

Its tsarin ne musamman hadaddun. Domin da topography na tsakiya m tsarin jijiya daukawa kwakwalwa da kuma laka. A shaye daga wadannan na musamman zaruruwa ake hada cikin wani gefe. Its aiki ne a fili na tsakiya m tsarin da tsoka kyallen takarda, gland da kuma gabobin da hankali.

Ta hanyar Converter a cikin nau'i na musamman Kwayoyin (rabe) ne duk akwai mutum buɗi na yanayi (a cikin nau'i na launi, dandano, kamshi, da sauransu.). Wadannan hatsaisai aka fassara a cikin harshen da jijiya zaruruwa ake gani a matsayin canje-canje a cikin wutar lantarki ko sinadaran hanya.

Bugu da ari ihisani for gefe m Grid kawota a cikin CNS, inda aka karanta da kuma haifar da martani a cikin nau'i na jerin dokokin da aka aika a cikin hanya zuwa jikuna a aiwatar (tsokoki da kuma gland).

topography na gangar jikin

A mafi hadaddun da voluminous babi a cikin kimiyya da tsari na gabobin da sauran tsarin abubuwa na jikin mutum ne mai bayanin da togiya daga cikin wata gabar jiki, wuyansa, kuma kai.

A na sama na jiki da ciwon a kan iyakarta baki lakar daraja da clavicles, da kuma kirji bango qunshi wani rami a kewaye a cikin wani m daina kai hare hare. Fascia rufi, ciki har da, da kuma ya yi daidai tsoka da ya raba wannan yanki na jiki daga ciki. Shi ne kashin bayan da thorax, wanda shi ne maha? Ar na sternum, 12 nau'i-nau'i daga ƙasũsuwa da kashin baya.

Complex jiki gabobin da kuma ilimin Halittar Jiki Tsarin a yankin da ake kira mediastinum, wanda ya kasu cikin manya da ƙananan sassan a gida tiyata.

A sarari located a kasa, gaba ka koma ga kogon ciki. Ya kunshi na release:

• babba (aka diaphragm).
• waje.
• gefe (m belted tsoka zaruruwa).
• baya (kashin baya kashi sarkar).
• m (aka gyara iliac yankin na kafafuwa da kuma diaphragm).

motsi gabobin tiyata

A fannin babba extremities topology highlights:

• kwarangwal kashi (clavicle, scapula, kafada, radial, ulnar, da dai sauransu).
• tsoka zaruruwa (kafada bel, da kafada, hannu da dantse, hannunka).
• fata.

A iri-iri na ƙungiyoyi daga hannun ɗan adam sa da takamaiman tsarin da gidajen abinci da kuma na musamman Hanyar haɗa su tare da tsokoki. A babbar rawar a cikin wannan, da kuma taka wani hali kwarangwal gidajen abinci na kafada abin ɗamara da jiki. Tsokoki sa up dama yadudduka, jere daga surface - to zurfi.

Kwarangwal goyon bayan wata gabar jiki ya hada da kafafuwa da kuma free part (guda biyu femoral, patella, tibia da kafar). Pelvic kashi Forms bel na ƙananan reshe kunshi pubic, ilium, ischium kuma. A tare da tare da sacrum da coccyx kashi, su ne dalilin da kafafuwa.

ƙarshe

Topographic haltta aikin wani yawan m ayyuka, da suka hada da bayanin ainihin wurin da jikinsu, zama biyu a vivo kuma a pathological yanayi. The bayanai ne da 'ya'yan itace na wannan kimiyya, an yadu da kuma rayayye yi amfani da ganewar asali daga cututtuka, magani, da kuma mafi muhimmanci - a tiyata.