Yadda za a samu daga wani alkane alkane? Abin da mafi za a iya samu daga alkane?

Nazarin da tsarin gudanar da mahadi, da sinadaran Properties nuna da su halayen, da damar samar da daban-daban na kayayyakin da kaya na wannan albarkatun kasa. Processing na hydrocarbons samar solves da yawa matsaloli. Don tambaya: "Yadda za a samu daga wani alkane alkane" sinadaran kimiyya da kuma harakar man fatattaka ba m amsoshi. Bari mu bincika matsalar dangantakar daban-daban azuzuwan da hydrocarbons, kazalika da su Kalam. Mayar da hankali a kan m hanyoyin sarrafa carbonaceous kayan.

Halitta relatedness kwayoyin abubuwa

A farkon matakai na binciken da kuma samar da hydrocarbons da kuma Kalam chemists zaton cewa wadannan kungiyoyi suna ware daga juna. A hankali tara bayanai da zubar da haske a kan kwayoyin dangantaka da babban azuzuwan abubuwa. Babban kokarin da aka mayar da hankali a kan gano hanyoyin da canja tsarin, kara bond domin. A mafi muhimmanci matsaloli na msar tambayar bincike da kuma experimentation:

• yadda za a samu daga wani alkane alkane.
• yadda za a aiwatar da kwal, da danyen mai da iskar gas.
• yadda za a gudanar da dehydrogenation na cikakken hydrocarbons.
• biyu daga alkane ya sami alkyne (acetylene).

Masu bincike da kuma likitoci sun gani cewa akwai da yawa daga juna a mulki daga wannan zuwa da sauran hydrocarbons.

A m muhimmancin kayyade dangantaka asali iri mahadi

The hadin kai na hydrocarbon mahadi da aka tabbatar a cikin yin kwayoyin sunadarai a matsayin kimiyya da kuma samar da masana'antu. A ci gaban wannan matsalar - yadda za a samu daga wani alkane alkane - gagarumin taimako sanya ta Rasha da kuma Soviet kwayoyin chemists. Mutane da yawa suna amfani da wadannan dalilai, da dauki-canji ne catalytic matakai suna da za'ayi a kan fasahohi. Kusa dangantaka da juna rikirkida hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi aka yi amfani da su warware da dama daga m ayyuka ciki har da:

• samun daga daya irin albarkatun kasa daban-daban na kayan.
• samar da hadaddun kayayyakin a abun da ke ciki daga mafi sauki mahadi, kuma mataimakin versa.
• saki wani iri-iri na kaya, wanda dole a high bukatar.
• ceton yawa da depletion na halitta hydrocarbon albarkatu.
• m amfani da man-kwal kwalta, mai shale, peat.

Abun da ke ciki na halitta carbon kafofin

All iri hydrocarbons samu da sauƙi a cikin gagarumin yawa. Suna aiki ne kamar fara kayan ga aiki da shirye-shiryen hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi daga daban-daban qagaggun. A mafi muhimmanci kafofin na alkanes da alkenes:

1. Iskar gas. Da abun ciki na da iyaka methane hydrocarbon a fannoni daban daban ya kai 80-98%. Sauran mahadi da nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, butane.
2. Man fetur. The halitta cakuda isomeric hydrocarbons daga daban-daban adibas bambanta a abun da ke ciki. A wasu nau'o'in "black zinariya" mamaye alkanes, wasu an hada da cycloparaffins da kuma fagage. Dome mai wucewa gas ma dauke da paraffins.
3. Cox. Production na zama dole ci for metallurgy tare ba kwal kwalta dauke da fiye da 400 da aka gyara, da babban wadanda - fagen fama.
4. Kayan lambu da kuma abinci raw kayan - a manyan} ungiyoyin, wanda ya hada da itace, da tsaba da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa na masana'antu amfanin gona, dabba fats.

The yiwu miƙa mulki tsakanin gudanar da mahadi

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na adibas na "black zinariya" ne sau da yawa m cycloalkanes ko naphthenes. Sarrafa albarkatun kasa bada m cyclic hydrocarbons da ciwon 5-7 C kwayoyin halitta a cikin zobe, suna da mafi girma m darajar. Yadda za a samu daga wani alkane cycloalkane idan naphthenes reserves tsautsayi? Domin iyakance cyclic hydrocarbon mahadi daga cikakken acyclic dehydrocyclization Hanyar da aka yi amfani da. Sarkar na 4 ko fiye C kwayoyin halitta suna rufe, akwai wani barga sake zagayowar. Sauran abar rikirkida kwayoyin abubuwa za a iya nuna a cikin sauki makircinsu:

• Petroleum hydrocarbons → → → alkane carboxylic acid.
• Iskar gas da cikakken hydrocarbons → → carboxylic acid.
• Coal hydrocarbons → → → alkanes → unsaturated hydrocarbon polymers.
• Petroleum hydrocarbons → → → fagen fama isopropyl-benzene → benzene → acetone, phenol.
• Halitta gas → → ethanol unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• Coal → methanol.
• Petroleum hydrocarbons → → → alkenes butadiene da isoprene.

Bari mu bincika abin da sinadaran fili za a iya samu ta hanyar da kwayoyin kinship kwayoyin abubuwa.

Yadda za a samu daga wani alkane alkane

A masana'antu kusan kowane irin cikakken hydrocarbons samu daga man fetur da kuma iskar gas da albarkatun. Refining - wani zamani hanya domin samun alkanes daga alkanes:

A) Liquid paraffin hydrocarbons ba kai tsaye barasan na man (low yawan amfanin ƙasa da manufa samfurin).

B) thermal da catalytic fatattaka daga man fetur da ake amfani da kara yawan haske iyakar, inganta ingancin da hydrocarbons (fetur, kananzir). The man sulusi da murabba'i ne ba solyarovoe hexadecane, wanda ya ba da lalata dodecane da butylene. Dodecane riga a cikin kananzir sulusi da murabba'i ne hõre kara rarrabuwa, shi ne samu daga cikakken hydrocarbon nonane da propene (alkene). Ci gaba fatattaka iya kai ga samuwar na heptane da ethylene.

Isomerization da alkylation

Catalytic isomerization na alkanes damar al'ada tsarin branched sami: N3S- (CH2) 3 -CH 3 → CH (CH3) 2-CH2-CH3. A samfurin wannan tsari - isopentane. Al'ada butane dauke a cikin gas fatattaka mai kara kuzari a cikin isomerization dauki ne tuba zuwa cikin isobutane. A sakamakon samfurin iya zama alkylated da isobutylene a gaban mai kara kuzari da kuma samun isooctane - high quality-man fetur. Idan muka dauki matsayin alkylating wakili, da ethylene, da dauki tare da isobutane samu roba man fetur neohexane.

Yadda za a samu daga wani alkane alkene da alkadienes

A masana'antu unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons da daya biyu bond ake samu ta hanyar man fetur fatattaka. A high yanayin zafi, da bazuwar na alkanes (pyrolysis). Alkenes gano daga cikin jimlar nauyi na tsaka-tsaki da kuma karshe dauki kayayyakin. Ethylene samu ta hanyar dehydrogenation na ethane kan wani nickel kara kuzari: C2H6 + C2H4 → H2 ↑. Butane karkashin irin wannan yanayi ba 2-butene, a lokaci guda da samuwar ethane da ethylene. Dehydrogenation mu damar samun mafita ga matsalar da yadda za a samu daga wani alkane alkadienes. Lokacin da stepwise kau na biyu kwayoyin na hydrogen daga hydrocarbon, lambobi 4 carbon atoms, da wadannan canje faruwa: butane butene → → butadiene. A karshe samfurin da muhimmanci domin samar da roba roba. Hakazalika shirya butadiene wani polymer wanda mimics da na halitta takwaransa m Properties: isopentane → → isoprene isoprene roba.

Kamar yadda na alkane ya sami acetylene

Hydrocarbon da ciwon daya sau uku bond - acetylene - yana da muhimmanci sosai a cikin masana'antu kansu, yi da kuma sauran yankunan da tattalin arziki aiki. A mafi tsufa tsari da shiri daga cikin sauki alkyne ake dangantawa da mataki na ruwa a kan m guda na alli carbide. A wurin wannan hanya zo da fatattaka daga iskar gas. Yanzu da sinadaran masana'antu Enterprises san yadda za a samu daga wani alkane alkyne a magangara mafi ƙasƙanci kudin. A musamman fasaha da na'urorin a high zafin jiki, ko a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wani lantarki sallama auku dehydrogenation na methane - marinjãya abu na iskar gas: 2SN4 → HC≡CH + 3H2. Acetylene ne yadu amfani, an yi tattalinta daga acetaldehyde wanda aka kara yi amfani da a samar da acetic acid, roba resins, robobi, roba zaruruwa, rubbers da rubbers.

Yadda za a samu fagen fama da cikakken hydrocarbons

By paraffin sarkar halayen kai ga benzene Irinta. daɗin ci aiwatar karatu Rasha da kuma Soviet chemists a XX karni. Jigon su aiki da aka gudanar a kan "Yadda za a samu daga wani alkane, benzene kuma ta homologues" rage zuwa dehydrocyclization hexane, heptane da kuma sauran cikakken hydrocarbons: S6N14 → C6H6 + 4H2. S7N16 → C6H5-CH3 + 4H2. Wata hanya ne ga kira na acyclic hydrocarbons cycloparaffins bi ta dehydration: hexane → → cyclohexane benzene.

Yadda za a samu ethyl da sauran alcohols daga alkanes

A zamanin da, da tambaya: "Yadda za a samu daga cikin alkane barasa" ba contemplated, ubanninmu suka kasance sunã kawai hanyar da giya fermentation na sukari-dauke da kayayyakin karkashin mataki na yisti enzymes. Height fasaha muhimmanci na ethanol sa a search for sabon iri ba abinci kayan samar da ethanol. A farkon rabin karni na karshe shi ya zama ba makawa a albarkatun kasa domin samar da roba Lebedev Hanyar. Daya hanyar da aka annabta A. M. Butlerovym, wanda mafarkin cewa mafi arha hanyar samar da ethylene shirya hanya "domin samun barasa." A kafofin na unsaturated hydrocarbons ne kayayyakin man fetur fatattaka da kuma catalytic dehydrogenation na alkanes. Tattalin daga ethane, ethylene, wanda aka oxidized a gaban sulfuric acid: C2H6 C2H4 → → C2H5OH. Hydration sauran alkenes, wanda ake ma samu ta hanyar refining ba homologs roba ethanol. A disadvantages aka bayyana a cikin kudin na farfadowa daga acid da kuma kare na'urorin daga ta lalatattu effects. Industry mayar da su cikin hanyar da kai tsaye hydration na alkenes a wadda m catalysts an yi amfani. Methanol samar a lokacin da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na methane. Ethylene kuma ta homologs bauta a matsayin albarkatun kasa domin samar da alcohols.

Kamar yadda daga alkanes samu aldehydes da carboxylic acid

Bayan warware matsalar cheap raw kayan domin barasa masana'antu chemists san yadda za a samu daga wani alkane aldehyde a magangara mafi ƙasƙanci kudin. Daya hanyar zuwa samu acetaldehyde - hydration na acetylene. Dukan ayyukan da ake daukan wuri bisa ga makirci: iskar gas → CH4 → → C2H2 CH3-COH. Karuwan amfani da halitta hydrocarbons domin samar da ethyl barasa. The abu ne mai albarkatun kasa domin samar da carbonyl da carboxyl mahadi. Acetaldehyde za a iya samu ta hanyar dehydrogenation na ethane tare da consequent samuwar ethanol a dauki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka ko dehydrogenation. Daya daga cikin zabin - da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ethylene: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H4O. Yadda za a samu daga wani alkane carboxylic acid? The tambaya cewa ya da wani dogon lokaci a cikin category na matsalar. Acetic acid da aka kafa a lokacin fermentation abinci albarkatun kasa a lokacin da bushe barasan na itace. Samun samuwa alkane kafofin damar butane hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma samun cheap acetic acid: C4H10 2 + ½ O2 + H2O → 2SN3SOON. Shirya samar da wasu carboxylic acid, cikakken da kuma unsaturated hydrocarbons.

A zamani tattalin arzikin duniya shi ne wuya su yi tunanin ba tare da iskar gas, da man fetur da kuma ci kayan. Daga cikin wadannan halitta garwayayye emit daban-daban alkanes cewa ana amfani da samar da wani babban yawan kwayoyin kira.