Mene ne m jihar na zarra

. A 1905 ta J. Thompson farko da shawarar model na atomic tsarin, bisa ga abin da shi ne gaskiya ma cajin ball, ciki wanda aka shirya tare da wani mummunan cajin barbashi - electrons. Banana neutrality zarra bayyana lissafi ball cajin da kuma duk da electrons.

A wurin wannan ka'idar a 1911, ya zo da planetary model, halitta da Rutherford: a cikin cibiyar da zuciyar star, sa up da girma da dukkan kwayoyin halitta a falakinsu a kusa da electrons, da taurari akwai doguwar. Duk da haka, kara gwaje-gwajen, sakamakon jefa shakka a kan ingancin wannan model. Alal misali, dabarbari na Rutherford bi abin da gudun da electrons da su radii za a iya bambanta ci gaba. A irin wannan yanayin zai iya lura da m radiation bisa dukan bakan. Duk da haka, sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da nuna line a jere na kwayoyin halitta. Har ila yau, akwai wasu sauran bambance-bambance. Daga baya, Niels Bohr samarwa a jimla model na atomic tsarin. Ya kamata a lura ƙasa, kuma m jihar na zarra. Wannan yanayin ba, musamman, bayyana valence na kashi.

The m jihar na zarra ne wani karewa tsakanin jihar da sifili ikon matakin da ya fi shi. Musamman m, don haka yana da matukar wucewa - lokacin kiranka na millionths na biyu ne. The m jihar zarra faruwa a lokacin da sako to shi more makamashi. Alal misali, ta tushen za a iya fallasa zuwa yanayin zafi da kuma electromagnetic filayen.

A wani Sauki nau'i na gargajiya ka'idar atomic tsarin ya furta cewa, a kusa da core a wasu nisa tare madauwari falakinsu juya basa barnatar caje barbashi - electrons. Kowane kewayewa ne ba a layi, kamar yadda kuma zai iya ze, da kuma samar da makamashi "da girgije" da dama electrons. Bugu da kari, kowane electron na da juya (juya a kan ta axis). Duk wani electron kewayewa radius dogara a kan samar da makamashi matakin, saboda haka in babu waje tasiri ciki tsari ne isasshe barga. Its take hakkin - da m jihar na zarra -nastupaet lokacin da waje makamashi rahoton. Saboda haka, a karshe falakinsu inda karfi na hulda da kwaya ne kananan, guda biyu electron spins da kuma steamed, kamar yadda wani sakamako, su maha? Ar ya auku a unoccupied Kwayoyin. A wasu kalmomin, daidai da makamashi kiyayewa dokar electron miƙa mulki ga mafi girma makamashi matakan yana tare da sha na photons.

La'akari da zarra a cikin wani m jihar zarra misali arsenic (As). Its valence ne uku. Mene ne ban sha'awa, wannan darajar gaskiya ne kawai domin idan mutane memba ne a cikin wani free jihar. Tun da valence ƙaddara da yawan unpaired spins, a kan samun waje ikon zarra a shafin karshe kewayewa lura steaming barbashi tare da miƙa mulki ga free cell. A sakamakon haka, ya canjãwa falaki. Tun da makamashi sublevels kawai juyawa, sa'an nan mulkin da baya (recombination), ƙasa a jihar kwayoyin halitta, tare da ci gaba da tunawa da makamashi kamar yadda photons m. Komowa zuwa misali na arsenic: saboda canje-canje a cikin yawan unpaired spins a cikin m jihar yayi dace da valence na kashi biyar.

Schematically, ta gabatar ne kamar haka: a lokacin da samun makamashi daga waje rabo daga cikin matsanancin zarra electrons an tarwatsa wani nisa daga tsakiya (kewayewa radius ƙaruwa). Duk da haka, saboda proton a tsakiya ne, jimlar darajar da ciki makamashi na zarra zama ya fi girma. A babu wani ci gaba da waje makamashi shigar da shi sosai da sauri electron ya koma ga ta gabata falaki. A wannan yanayin, da suka wuce haddi na samar da makamashi da aka saki a cikin nau'i na electromagnetic radiation.