Mene ne fasaha da al'adu? fasaha shũka

Mutane da yawa gane kusan kome da kome da cewa an girma a ƙasa, kamar abinci, amma shi ne mai kuskure ne. Mafi yawa daga cikin duniya wata gona sanya shi a karkashin namo masana'antu amfanin gona. A kowace shekara fiye da kuma mafi kayan da ake samar saboda su. Kuma ba haka ba ne kawai tufafi. Sabulu, tayoyin, kwayoyi, taba, yi kayan da man shuke-shuken - wannan ba wani cikakken jerin shuke-shuke, irin damar. The yawa daga kasashen da dama masana'antu albarkatun gona da wannan bayar da muhimmanci kamar yadda mai, tama da kuma iskar gas.

Nau'in na masana'antu albarkatun gona

Fasaha da al'adu - mai albarkatun kasa domin masana'antu. Domin saukaka, wadannan al'adu da aka classified a kan tushen da rasit na raw kayan su a shirye.

• Starchy al'adu. Suna girma, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, saboda daya sitaci. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi yana kunshe ne a cikin tubers. Misalai - dankalin turawa, yam ko yam.
• Sahorosoderzhaschie al'adu. Shuke-shuke da cewa suna girma ga hakar da sucrose. Mafi shahara a cikin kasar, wakilan wannan amfanin gona - sukari gwoza da rake. Amma akwai karin m shuke-shuke, kamar sugar Maple, locust , ko chicory.
• Oilseeds. Wannan shi ne wani babban rukuni na kasuwanci amfanin gona. Hankula daga cikin wakilan: sunflower, waken soya, gyada, da itatuwan zaitun, Castor, canola, sesame da sauransu.
• Aromatic. Tsire-tsire dauke da maras tabbas aromatic mai. A rukuni ne ma babban. Amfanin gona, irin fure ko lavender, ne duniya-mashahuri albarkatun kasa na duniya na perfumery da kayan shafawa masana'antu.
• Fiber ko yarn. Wannan kungiyar hada da fiber amfanin gona. Wannan flax, auduga, hemp, kenaf, sisal, ramie.
• Roba shuke-shuke. Cikin shahararrun - Hevea da guayule.
• Tonic. Wannan kungiya ta hada dukkan tsire-tsire, na da samar da kofi, shayi, Cola, koko, taba.
• Cork ko probkonosnye. Wadannan sun hada da toshe kwalaba itacen oak da Amur toshe kwalaba.
• Sauran kungiyoyin: fenti (Sophora, turmeric, Indigo), tannins (saxifrage, itacen oak, spruce) guttaperchenosnye (Euonymus, payena) sashi al'adu.

A namo masana'antu albarkatun gona

Industrial albarkatu zauna a babban yankin karkashin namo a duk ƙasashe. Kafin ka girma da daya ko wasu daga cikinsu, shan la'akari ba kawai da sauyin yanayi, amma kuma da kusanci na sarrafa shuke-shuke, da bukatar a kasuwa domin raw kayan, wanda ake samar da wani al'adu.

A Rasha, masana'antu albarkatun gona horar da ba sosai aiki a matsayin yanayi sanya su namo cin lokaci kuma na bukatar zuba jari. A Ukraine, wanda Gwargwadon matsayi ne m ga masana'antu amfanin gona, rayayye girma sukari gwoza, sunflower, kuma flax.

All hatsi da kuma masana'antu albarkatun gona bukatar yin amfani da musamman inji for tsaftacewa da musamman kayan aikin. Yawancin lokaci, wannan ne ma ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi yayin shirya wuri a karkashin daya ko wani al'ada.

Saboda da girma sha'awa na mutane zuwa da lafiya, tsabtace muhalli hanya ta rayuwa girma da yawa masana'antu albarkatun gona ya zo da ƙarin albashi ga kera. A matsayin misali, lavender plantation a Faransa Provence. Sha'awan da flowering wannan mamaki da kyau da kuma ƙamshi janyo hankalin mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Domin su, shirya bikin da kuma bukukuwa da cewa kawo hefty karin kudin shiga.

Main fasaha da al'adu a Rasha

A farko wuri a Rasha rayayye horar da irin albarkatun kasuwanci, kamar sunflower. Domin samar da sunflower tsaba, kasar mu mukamansu na biyu a duniya (manyan Argentina). Wannan al'ada zo zuwa Rasha a karkashin Bitrus I, tare da dankali. Da farko sunflower girma ga ado dalilai, amma sai suka sami damar yaba da irin girman amfani da wannan shuka.

Da zarar Birtaniya da wani kenkenewa a kan samar da sukari, kamar yadda duk amfanin gona na rake na su ne. Tuni a karni na sha takwas, sauran kasashen fara kama, yadda za a sadu da bukatun su kasuwa a sugar. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1747 da Jamusanci sunadarai Andreas Marggraf sugar samu a sugar gwoza. Yanzu sukari gwoza kunshe a cikin babban amfanin gona (fasaha) a kasashe da dama, amma a Rasha bautarka daya bisa dari na duka horar da ƙasar.

Rasha ya dade da aka sani na samar da flax. A Belarus da kuma a Rasha kashi biyu daga uku na horar da flax fiber a duk faɗin duniya. Rasha sanyi da kuma lokacin bazaar ruwa - manufa yanayi na namo flax. Ko da yake wannan ne fiber amfanin gona, amma flax iri mai yana da wani sinadirai masu darajar high da ake amfani da su sa high quality-Paints. Lilin yadudduka ne sosai m, kyau, suna amfani ba kawai sauki, amma kuma a cikin jirgin sama, kazalika a cikin mota masana'antu.

Fasaha da al'adu a duniya

A duniya a kowace shekara shi samar da fiye da miliyan 20 ton na auduga. Wannan shi ne babban masana'antu amfanin gona a duniya. Daya cikin biyar na duniya duka girbe Amurka da China, goma cikin dari na horar da Pakistan da India, da yawa girma auduga a Turkey, Uzbekistan, Misira da kuma Siriya. Ton na auduga sa 400 kg na zare daga abin da dubu uku mita masana'anta.

India, China, Bangladesh da kuma sauran kasashen Asiya ne sananne ga namo jute, sisal, samar da duniya baki daya tare da tufafin makoki, igiya da kuma m yadudduka. A Kudu-East Asia da aka girma Hevea, amfani da su yi roba kayayyakin.

Aromatic da rini girma a kasashen da dama. Alal misali, kusan duk na rabo daga duniya tarin Saffron nasa Iran. Wannan ba kawai a fenti, amma kuma daya daga cikin mafi tsada da kayan yaji a duniya. Domin samun wani kilo na Saffron wajibi ne don tattara 200 dubu crocus.

Sai ya faru da cewa fasaha albarkatu zama wata alama ce da kasar. Alal misali, ya tashi a Bulgaria. A cikin wannan kasar, a cikin Kazanlak Valley yana da duniya-sanannen Rose Museum. Fitar da kasa tashi mai ya kawo Bulgaria duniya daraja.

A duniyar rare da irin wannan m amfanin gona kamar yadda taba da kuma hops. Cuban da kuma Turkiyya taba smokers ake yaba a duk faɗin duniya, da kuma Jamus ne sananne ga namo hops.

Genetically modified shũka da su m

Soya - shi ne a halin yanzu babban masana'antu amfanin gona a duniya. Amurka masana kimiyya yi imani cewa wannan zai zama babban tushen furotin ga mutãne. Amurka samar uku-bariki na waken soya, a duniya. Kowane goma na ton na hatsi amfanin gona - a soya. Its ba kawai ci, amma kuma amfani ga fasaha da bukatun. Daga soya man fetur za a iya sanya na roba, Paint, man shuke-shuke.

Masana kimiyya a halin yanzu na aiki a kan wata fadi da yin amfani da irin wannan albarkatun kasuwanci, kamar lupines. Da yiwuwar shi ko da fadi fiye da na waken soya. Wannan fasaha da al'adu ne da mãmãki m: fiber amfanin ƙasa na lafiya ingancin yadudduka, daga shuke-shuke da su ba da man fetur tare da antioxidant Properties, daga tushen yin kofi. A shugaban duniya a samar da al'adu hangen zaman - Australia.

Fetur daga masana'antu albarkatun gona

Arzikin man fetur a duniya zo ga ƙarshe, da kuma masana kimiyya a duniya suna aiki wajen samar da mafi kyau duka nazarin halittu man fetur. Duba ga mafi fasaha da al'adu da wannan manufa.

Muddin shugabannin a wannan filin ne waken soya, canola, da auduga, amma akwai ma karami-sani da shuke-shuke. Daga cikin su - da Kudu American jatropha, Asclepias syriaca, kopayba, wanda ke tsiro a cikin tropics na Amazon. A kasar Sin, mun samu shuka Sindor Klabra. Its ruwan 'ya'yan itace hasken wuta kamar yadda man fetur.

A namo masana'antu albarkatun gona ya dade bayan gargajiya aikin noma da kuma canza kama zuwa wani zamani high-tech kansu tare da mai yiwuwa. Ya da ya fahimci shi yau, gobe lashe yawa.