Mene ne core na ilmin halitta? Tsari da kuma aiki na tsakiya

A kowane mai rai cell daukan mai yawa biochemical halayen da kuma matakai. Don sarrafa su, kazalika da wa tsara da yawa m abubuwan da bukatar musamman tsarin. Mene ne core na ilmin halitta? Kyale shi yadda ya kamata jimre wannan aiki?

Mene ne core na ilmin halitta. definition

A core - da zama dole tsarin kowace jiki Kwayoyin. Mene ne core? A ilmin halitta, shi ne wani muhimmin bangaren da kowane kwayoyin. Kwaya za a iya samu a unicellular protozoa, da kuma sosai shirya wakilan da eukaryotic duniya. Babban aiki na wannan tsarin - da ajiya da kuma watsa kayyade bayanai, wanda yake a nan da kuma dauke.

Bayan hadi da ovum da maniyyi ya auku Fusion na biyu haploid nuclei. Bayan hadewar gametes zygote aka kafa, da zuciyar wanda ya riga yana mai diploid sa na chromosomes. Wannan yana nufin cewa karyotype (kayyade bayanai na tsakiya) riga ya ƙunshi kofe na genes da uwarsa da ubansa.

Diploid tsakiya shi ne yanzu a kusan dukkanin eukaryotic Kwayoyin. Haploid tsakiya da ba kawai da gametes, amma kuma da yawa 'yan cikin sauki kwayoyin. Wadannan sun hada da wasu guda-celled parasites, algae, unicellular free-rai siffofin. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa mafi yawan wadannan wakilan da haploid tsakiya kawai a wani mataki na rayuwa sake zagayowar.

Abun da ke ciki tsakiya

Mene ne core fasalin? Biology hankali nazarin abun da ke ciki na nukiliya na'urar, cewa shi ne. Don. Yana iya ba impetus zuwa cin halittar jini, waddan da kuma ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu.

Core - shi dvumembrannaya tsarin. A membranes ne wani tsawo na da endoplasmic reticulum, wanda wajibi ne ga kai daga abubuwa daga sel kafa. Da abinda ke ciki na tsakiya kira da nucleoplasm.

Chromatin - babban abu nucleoplasm. Abun da ke ciki chromatin bambanta: akwai su ne da farko nucleic acid (DNA da RNA), kazalika da sunadaran da yawa karfe ions. DNA dake a cikin nucleoplasm da umarnin a wani chromosome. Yana chromosomes a division ninki biyu, bayan wanda kowane daga sets na sauya zuwa 'yar Kwayoyin.

RNA a nucleoplasm ne ya fi kowa iri biyu mRNA da rRNA. Manzon RNA samar a lokacin kwafi - karanta bayanai daga DNA. A ribonucleic acid kwayoyin daga baya ya fita daga tsakiya kuma baya hidima a matsayin samfuri ga samuwar sabuwar sunadaran.

Ribosomal RNA da aka kafa a musamman Tsarin kira nucleoli. A nucleolus aka gina daga karshen rabo na chromosomes, kafa ta secondary constrictions. Wannan tsarin za a iya gani a cikin haske microscope matsayin wani tabo a kan matsa core. Ribosomal RNA wadda aka hada a nan ma shigar da cytoplasm kuma mafi sunadaran samar tare da ribosome.

Direct tasiri a kan aiki na samar da tsakiya. Biology a matsayin kimiyya karatu da kaddarorin chromatin ga mafi fahimtar da matakai na kwafi da kuma cell division.

kwaya ayyuka. Halittu matakai a tsakiya

Na farko kuma mafi muhimmanci aiki na tsakiya ne ajiya da kuma watsa kayyade bayani. Core - da musamman tsarin da cell, watau shi ya ƙunshi babban ɓangare na mutum genes ... Karyotype iya zama haploid, diploid, triploid, da sauransu. Ploidy dafin dogara a kan aiki na cell: haploid gametes da somatic diploid Kwayoyin. Kwayoyin na endosperm triploid angiosperms, da kuma, a karshe, da yawa irin horar da shũka polyploid sa na chromosomes.

Transfer kayyade bayanai cikin cytoplasm daga tsakiya na faruwa a lokacin da samuwar mRNA. A kan aiwatar da kwafi na genes na karyotype aka karanta, kuma ƙarshe hada matrix kwayoyin ko manzo RNA.

Gadar hali ma bayyana ta rarraba cell mitosis, meiosis ko amitosis. A kowane hali, da kwaya aikin wani takamaiman aiki. Alal misali, a cikin prophase na mitosis core harsashi halakar da kuma dauke da kompaktizirovannye chromosomes fada cikin cytoplasm. Duk da haka meiosis kafin gazawar auku a tsakiya membrane crossover na chromosomes. Kuma amitosis core fadi gaba ɗaya kuma a sa a kananan taimako ga fission tsari.

Bugu da kari, da zuciyar kaikaice da hannu a cikin kai na abubuwa daga sel saboda da kai tsaye dangane da membrane da XPS. Wannan abin da core na ilmin halitta.

Form core

A core, ta sifa da aiki iya dogara a kan siffar da membrane. Nukiliya naúrar iya zama zagaye, elongated, a cikin nau'i na vanes da sauransu. D. Sau da yawa tsakiya form takamaiman mutum zuwa mutum tsokoki da kuma Kwayoyin. Celled kwayoyin bambanta a cikin irin abinci, rayuwa ta sake zagayowar, kuma a lokaci guda ne daban-daban da kuma samar da nuclei membrane.

A iri-iri a cikin siffar da kuma size na tsakiya za a iya gani a misali na leukocytes.

• neutrophil tsakiya za a iya segmented da kuma wadanda ba segmented. A cikin farko idan mun yi magana da mai kofaton-dimbin yawa tsakiya, da kuma wannan tsari ne halayyar matasa Kwayoyin. A segmented core - shi ne sakamakon da samuwar mahara partitions a cikin membrane, sakamakon wani dama na fadiwa da alaka da juna.
• A cikin ainihin eosinophils shi yana da halayyar siffar wani dumbbell. A wannan yanayin, da zuciyar naúrar aka hada biyu segments hade bangare.
• Kusan daukacin girma shagaltar da lymphocytes babbar cibiya. Kawai karamin sashi na cytoplasm zauna a periphery daga cikin cell.
• A glandular Kwayoyin na kwari cibiya iya samun branched tsarin.

Yawan nuclei a daya cell iya zama daban-daban

Ba ko da yaushe a cikin cell na jiki akwai daya kawai core. Wani lokaci ya zama dole gaban biyu ko fiye da makaman nukiliya da na'urorin yin mahara ayyuka a lokaci guda. Conversely, wasu Kwayoyin iya gaba daya ba tare da core. Ga wasu misalai daga m Kwayoyin a cikin abin da nuclei na fiye da daya ko ne gaba daya fakowa ba.

1. Red jini Kwayoyin da platelets. Wadannan jini Kwayoyin suna hawa haemoglobin da fibrinogen, bi da bi. Don daya cell iya ƙunsar matsakaicin adadin da wani abu, shi ya rasa ta core. Halin da irin wannan alama, ba duk mambobi ne na dabba duniya: da kwãɗi a cikin jini ne erythrocytes babbar a size tare da wani karfi core. Wannan ya nuna wannan m aji kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da mafi m halittun.

2. A hepatocytes na hanta. Wadannan Kwayoyin dauke da biyu tsakiya. Daya daga cikin su shirya jini tsabtace na da gubobi, da sauran shi ne alhakin da samuwar heme, wanda baya zai zama wani ɓangare na haemoglobin.

3. Myocytes striated kwarangwal nama. Multicore tsoka Kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa su rayayye wuce ATP kira da rashin lafiya, kazalika da jama'ar da sunadarai.

Musamman nukiliya na'urar a cikin sauki

Alal misali, ka yi la'akari iri biyu protozoa: amoebae da ciliates.

1. ciliates sifila. Wannan wakilin unicellular kwayoyin yana da biyu nuclei: da vegetative da generative. T. Don. Sun yi jãyayya a cikin siffofin da size, wannan siffa da aka kira nukiliya dualism.

Vegetative tsakiya ne ke da alhakin kullum salula aiki. Yana shirya tafiyar matakai na ta metabolism. Generative tsakiya ne da hannu a cikin cell division da Tasrifu - da jima'i tsari a cikin abin da akwai wani musayar kayyade bayanai tare da mutane daga cikin wannan jinsin.

2. Amoebas. Bright wakilan - dysentery da hanji amoeba. A farko da dangantaka da m adam parasites, da kuma na biyu - da saba symbiont, wanda ke zaune a cikin hanjinsu, kuma ba ya haifar da wata cuta. T. k. Dysentery amoeba m a cikin Gut, kuma, yana da muhimmanci a rarrabe tsakanin wadannan nau'o'i guda biyu tare. A saboda wannan dalili, makaman nukiliya inji alama: a dysenteric ameba iya zama har zuwa 4 nuclei, da kuma a cikin hanji amoeba daga 0 zuwa 8.

cuta

Mutane da yawa kwayoyin cututtuka suna hade da disturbances a cikin sa na chromosomes. Ga jerin mafi shahararren munanan a cikin kwayoyin core naúrar:

• Down ta ciwo.
• siddrom Patau.
• Edwards ciwo .
• Klinefelter ta ciwo.
• Turner ta ciwo.

Jerin ci gaba da kuma kowane daga cikin cututtuka halin da biyu daga jerin yawan chromosomes. Har ila yau, irin wannan cututtuka sau da yawa shafi jima'i chromosomes X kuma Y.

ƙarshe

A tsakiya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kan aiwatar da cell aiki. Yana shirya biochemical tafiyar matakai, shi ne mangaza kayyade bayani. Transport abubuwa daga Kwayoyin, kira sunadaran ma dangantaka da aiki na tsakiyar sifar tantanin halitta. Wannan abin da core na ilmin halitta.