Marginalism - shi ... Marginalism a cikin tattalin arzikin: wakilai daga asali ra'ayoyi da kuma halin da ake ciki a taƙaice. ci gaba marginalism

Mutane da yawa sun ji labarin irin wannan abu a matsayin Marginalism. A takaice, wannan bincike yankin, a cikin abin da muhimman hakkokin manufa aka gane ragewa m mai amfani. Maganar yana da Latin tushen da aka samu daga lokaci Margo (marginis), wanda yake nufin "ƙasar". Bari mu bincika abin da ya ƙunshi kara Marginalism a tattalin arziki da ka'idar.

Overview

A cikin shekaru 70 na karni na 19th, wani sabon kimiyya shugabanci - Marginalism. Wakilai daga wannan makaranta - Walras, Jevons, Menger. Duk da haka, wasu kusance za a iya samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen da sauran shugabanni. Alal misali, suna ba a cikin farkon aikin Gossen, Dupuis, Cournot da sauransu. Babban dalilin da cewa akwai Marginalism - An bisa ga masana kimiyya da dama, da bukatar su sami yanayin da takamaiman sabis m iya iya rarraba optimally tsakanin gasar kwatance domin su amfani. Wannan Trend, bi da bi, ya saboda da m samuwar aiyuka Kimiyya da kuma masana'antu. Marginalism ci gaba za a iya raba 2, saukarwa. A farko da ya faru a cikin 70-80-ies. 19th karni. Duk da yake mashahuri sun ayyukan Walras, Menger da Jevons. A mataki na biyu da ya faru daga tsakiyar 80s zuwa marigayi 90s. wannan karni. A wannan lokacin, da ra'ayin Marginalism tsara irin Figures a matsayin Pareto, Clark, Marshall.

halayyar manzilõli

Idan Marginalism bayyana a takaice, za mu iya kacokan da wadannan fannoni:

1. Mataki na farko. A wannan mataki, manufar darajar da aka adana a matsayin asalin category. Duk da haka, ta canza shi ya ka'ida. Cost da aka ƙaddara ba ta aiki cost da kuma m mai amfani da samfur.
2. A mataki na biyu. Wannan lokaci da aka sabon matakin for shugabanci. Marginalism matsayin tushen a kan gazawar la'akari da kudin kamar yadda asalin category. A daidai wannan lokaci shi amfani da manufar farashin. An tabbatar da wadata da kuma bukatar (daidai). Kamar wancan canza ka'idodin bisa wanda Marginalism. Wakilai daga cikin kwatance ba su dauke asali category. Suna shiryar da balance - da interconnectedness daga cikin abubuwa na management.

Marginalism Basics

Wannan Trend dogara ne a kan quite daban-daban, sabanin na gargajiya analysis hanyoyin. Wadannan dabaru damar domin ayyana iyaka dabi'u, wanda aka halin da canje-canje a cikin tattalin arziki da mamaki. A ra'ayi, wanda dogara ne Marginalism - ne saboda samuwar farashin amfani kaya. A wasu kalmomin, yana dubar yadda canje-canje a cikin kiyasta bukatar da samfurin ta kara amfanin wannan na'ura. All tsarin management dauke a matsayin interdependent tsarin abokai cewa gudanar Game da amfanin. Saboda haka, marginalist ka'idar da ya kai ga hada a cikin bincike na matsaloli na kwari-jihar da kuma ma'auni matsaloli. A fannin ilmin lissafi hanyoyin da ake amfani da ko'ina, ciki har da, da kuma bambanci ilimin lissafi. Suna amfani ba kawai a cikin bincike na iyaka dabi'u, amma kuma ya baratar da yanke wasu shawara a zabin tsari na yiwu yawan jihohi ne mafi wani zaɓi. Marginalism - shi ne shugabanci a cikin abin da ake son ne da aka ba wa causal m na aikin canji na tattalin arziki Sphere cikin wani ainihin kimiyya, wanda ya zama wani muhimmin hikimar tantance kayan aiki. Wannan horo yana da muhimman hakkokin bambance-bambance daga gargajiya makaranta. Marginalism, ainihin ideas na wanda ya mayar da hankali a kan binciken na da iyaka dabi'u, idan akai la'akari da wasan kwaikwayon na tsarin kamar yadda m mamaki a cikin sha'anin, masana'antu, gida da kuma jihar tattalin arzikin.

Mataki na farko: a kayadadden fuskantarwa

Menger, ya kafa na Austria tattalin arziki bincike na manufar guda biyu tsarin na iyakance Concepts da tattalin arziki liberalism. A matsayin masomin ne da bukatunmu ba a cikin mutane. Events ko abubuwa da gamsar da mutum bukatun, suna kira a matsayin kaya. A mafi latsa suna dauke mabukaci abubuwa ko events. Wadannan amfani da amfani da na biyu da kuma da wadannan umarni. A sakamakon haka, da albarkatun da za su tsirar kayayyakin, baiwa da darajar. Amfani dauke halayyar cewa wani mutum ascribes to amfanin, shan la'akari da rabo tsakanin girma na su bada shawarwari da kuma matakin na gamsuwa da bukatun. A wannan batun, kowane sabon naúrar na samfurin na'am da kasa darajar. Lokacin da Menger tsara asali ra'ayoyi a ilmin lissafi harshe, ya bayyana cewa duk wani tattalin arziki da aiki za a iya rage ga iyakar search matsala (batun, samun kudin shiga) ko low (kudi) ga halin yanzu iyaka albarkatun.

ra'ayi Jevons

Wannan tattalin arziki, tsara wani Theorem, wanda aka daga baya suna biye da shi. Ya kawo wadannan: a matakin m amfani da mai amfani sayi kayayyakin gwargwado ga su farashin. Jevons ce cewa aikin yana da wani kai tsaye ba tasiri a kan musayar rabbai. A karuwa a cikin aiki da karfi aikace-aikace qara adadin da musamman amfani, yayin da rage ta matsakaicin amfani. A karshen ra'ayi yana nufin Jevons aiki ba kawai a matsayin samarwa factor, amma a matsayin tsari. Lokacin aiki a kan hanya amfani ƙaruwa, aiki ya zama mai raɗaɗi. Ta samun wani mummunan mai amfani. Kuma yayin da shi ne karami a cikakkar sharuddan amfani da samfurin, aikin za a za'ayi. A nasara daidaita tsakanin abubuwa na kyau samar ceases.

Janar ma'auni Walrasian

Wannan Faransa tattalin arziki yi imani da cewa manufar aikin ne ba daidai ba. Walras shared da duk batutuwa a cikin ƙungiyõyi biyu: 'yan kasuwa da kuma masu sabis samarwa (babban birnin kasar, ƙasar da kuma aiki). Ya yi imani da cewa jihar dole ne a tabbatar da zaman lafiyar na kudi tsarin, domin tabbatar da tsaro na yawan jama'ar, da damar dukkan jama'a su sami ilimi. Hukumomi dole ne ma haifar da yanayi na zama na tasiri gasar, don samar daidai da dama ga duk. A wannan yanayin, ƙasar albarkatun kamata a nationalized, wanda zai bayyana da ake bukata kudi ta hanyar da haya. The main mayar da hankali na Walras ya ka'idar microeconomic ma'auni. Yana da aka gani a matsayin jihar da da tasiri wadata na samar daidai bukaci sabis, wanda shi ne kullum barga kasuwar price, da sayarwa price ne daidai ciyarwa. Walrasian, Marginalism - shi ne manufar tsaye. Ta ba ka san rashin tabbas na lokacin, da} ir} kyautata, underemployment, cyclical hawa da sauka. A daidai wannan lokaci shi na samar da wata damar da tafi zurfi nazari model na gaskiya.

A mataki na biyu: da tattalin arzikin Marginalism Marshall

A sakamakon matakin na biyu da juyin juya halin da aka fitowan da neoclassical makaranta. The mabiya wannan ra'ayi soma daga wakilan da na gargajiya ka'idar fifiko daga m ka'idoji, baicin bayyananne karshe ba tare da m, mai motsin rai, da sauran yadudduka. Marshall ne mafi roba adadi a duk kimiyya. A cikin ra'ayi organically hada kai da litattafansu (Mill, Smith, Ricardo) da kuma marzhinalistov. A key kashi na nazari sun free farashin batun. A kasuwar farashin da aka gani a matsayin sakamakon da rarrabawa Marshall nuna alama na bukatar, da kayyade matsakaicin mai amfani da kuma darajar da bada shawarwari emanating daga m kudin.

dokokin

A cikin ayyukansu, binciko Marginalism tattalin arziki, Marshall kawo manufar kara da m ya dawo. Kamar yadda na farko dokar, da karuwa a cikin juz'i na aiki da kuma babban birnin kasar take kaiwa ga samar kyautata. Wannan, bi da bi, qara aiki yadda ya dace, da kuma samar da wani babban koma. A daidai da na biyu dokar, da karuwa a aiki da kuma sauran halin kaka take kaiwa zuwa wani gwargwado karuwa a yawan kayayyakin. Marshall yi imani da cewa a cikin wani m yanayi naúrar halin kaka na samarwa a lokacin Abubakar, ko fall, ko gudu a layi daya. Amma ba su da gaba da kudi na karuwa a samar da ƙarfi. Wani lokaci daga baya, a kan tushen da waɗannan farillai mafi m yanke shawara a kan ingantawa na samar da size da harkokin kasuwanci da aka sa a gaba a microeconomic ka'idar. Marshall, a bincikensa shared halin kaka a cikin m da kuma gyarawa. Ya nuna cewa karshe ne na farko a cikin wani dogon lokaci. Marshall yi imani da cewa a matsayin babban dalilin da kamfanin ya fita kasuwa, ya yi aikin da wuce haddi halin kaka sama da kasuwar price.

Clark ra'ayi

Wannan masanin kimiyya ne dauke da wani shugaban na Amirka, Marginalism, kafa a karshen karni na karshe. Ya main aiki, "A raba dukiya" da aka saki a cikin 1899. A da aikin, Clark rubuta cewa kamfanin ya yi zargin cewa exploits aiki. Ya kafa da ɗawainiyar don kawar da wannan ra'ayi. Clark ya nema ya tabbatar da cewa a Amurka babu sabani, da kuma zamantakewa samun kudin shiga rarraba ne da za'ayi fairly. Scientist tushen da ra'ayi a kan manufa na masu zaman kansu dukiya. Ya maye gurbin kwaminisanci slogan "daga kowane mutum bisa ga ikon, to kowane batu - bisa ga bukatun" a kan sauran - "domin kowane factor - musamman da rabo daga cikin samfurin, kowane - a daidai lada." A wannan nau'i na Clark gan rarraba dokar. A nan, da "kowa da kowa", sai aka Magana game da ra'ayi na uku dalilai na samar da abubuwa: ƙasar, babban birnin kasar da kuma aiki.

binciken Features

Clark shiga ka'idar a tsaye yankin, da cewa shi ne a cikin wani Jihar al'umma a cikin abin da zaman lafiya da jituwa, kuma babu wani ci gaba. Ya yi imani da cewa a irin wannan yanayi da ya kamata a yi karatu aiki domin kowane factor m rabo. Wannan dabarar da ake amfani a tabbatar da dalilin da lada, haya da kuma ban sha'awa. Hakkin, Clark, da aka bayyana a cikin m yawan aiki na ma'aikata. A m kundin na babban birnin kasar da kuma fasaha matakin, da karuwa a ma'aikatan a shuka zai kai ga rage yawan yadda ya dace da kowane sabon ma'aikaci. Dan kasuwa zai iya kara yawan ma'aikata har zuwa lokacin da "sashi na rashin tunani" - a lokacin da na karshe ma'aikacin ba za su iya samar da ko da samar da ƙara na samarwa, wanda ya appropriates gaba ɗaya. Performance game da wannan batu, kira a matsayin "m". Tare da kara karuwa a cikin jihar waje na wannan sashi shi zai sa lalacewar babban birnin kasar kamar yadda wani m factor. Bisa ga wannan, Clark ƙarasa da cewa girman da albashi dogara a kan:

1. Daga yawan aiki.
2. A mataki na aiki da ma'aikata.

Saboda haka, da ya fi girma da aiki, ƙananan da yawan aiki da kuma, daidai da, kasa kudin. Bugu da kari, Clark ya bayyana cewa, da zaman lafiyar na Jihar al'umma dogara da farko a ko da Naira Miliyan Xari ne daidai to, wanda aka samar da ma'aikata (ko da darajar) cewa su samar da. Idan ma'aikata ne don ƙirƙirar kananan adadin kuma da shi a full size, da zamantakewa juyin juya halin shi ne impractical.

ajizai gasar

Wannan tsari dogara ne a kan wadannan ka'idojin zaton:

• Tattalin arziki Kansu mobile kuma m.
• Tattalin arziki da ikon ba ya wanzu.

Mutane da yawa shugabannin fahimci wadannan fannoni na conditionality. A wannan mahallin, farkon karni na 20th, akwai ayyukan mawallafa suka yi kokarin la'akari da tasiri na monopolies a kan kasuwar tsari. Alal misali, E. Chamberlin kokarin warware wadannan matsaloli:

1. Daidaita da wa neoclassical manufar farashin take hakki na free gasar ta monopolies.
2. Bayar da wadanda ba misali bayani ga neoclassical underemployment, shi ba ya watsi da manufa na kin tsoma baki a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar.

A cikin kimiyya filin gasar da kenkenewa ne a matsayin wani sabon abu, iri dabam dabam. E. Chamberlin nuna cewa, akwai zahiri da kira. Wannan shi ne, domin real halin da ake ciki shi ne hali da monopolistic gasar.

marketing halin kaka

Wannan ra'ayi da ake amfani a wuri na Chamberlin samar da halin kaka. marketing halin kaka, a cikin ra'ayi, ana nufin adapting da bukatar kayayyakin. A kasuwar tsari ne m saboda uku dalilai a cikin tsarin na monopolistic gasar:

1. samfurin price.
2. Samfurin fasali.
3. The kudin na tallace-tallace.

Biya-Per-bambanta amfani ne da rashin aikin yi, underutilization na iya aiki na samarwa, da farashin karuwa. Wadannan dalilai ne ba saboda wani rashin tara bukatar.

jama'a kyau

Its tabbatar da dalilin ne da za'ayi amfani da ra'ayoyin biyu. A farko yale mu mu kirkiro manufar tattalin arziki da harkokin mulki. Yana presupposes ilimi na zamantakewa haƙiƙa aiki da ingantawa dabaru. Kamar yadda daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a kada kuri'a a cikin ni'imar, kuma a mafi yawan yanke shawara. Duk da haka, wannan zabin ba da tabbacin ganewa na zaba a general. Na biyu m ci gaba da Pareto. Wannan masanin kimiyyar tushen da bincike a kan tabbatarwa da cewa jindadin iyakar bayar a karkashin m gasar.