Manyan injiniya shuke-shuke a Rasha

Rasha wata masana'antu ce da ke da tarihin bunkasa masana'antu. Saboda haka, gine-gine na gine-ginen Rasha na taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin kasar. A cikin yawan nauyin samar da masana'antu, ɓangaren kayan ginin masana'antu yana cikin iyakar 20%. Wannan matsayi ne mai kyau a duniya, duk da haka, ya kamata a karu, kamar yadda a cikin wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa masana'antu wannan adadi yana kusa da 40% ko fiye.

Wurin masana'antu a masana'antu na Rasha

Kamfanin injiniya na Rasha a tsarin tsarin tattalin arzikin kasa ya yi karo da farko da masana'antun man fetur da kuma nesa da sauran rassa na tattalin arzikin kasa. Bayan faduwar Rundunar Harkokin Harkokin Jakadancin Amirka, asusunsa na "jimlar kuɗi" daga 28% (1990) ya fadi zuwa kashi 16% (1995), amma sai sake farawa mai tsabta. A farkon karni na 21, alamomi sun karu zuwa 19%, kuma daga 2015 zuwa 22%.

A shekara ta 2013, gine-gine na gine-ginen Rasha sun sami dala biliyan 190 (dala biliyan 6). A cikin duka, akwai kamfanonin masana'antu 19 a Rasha, fiye da ƙananan yankuna da masana'antu daban daban. A cikin aikin injiniya, fiye da 40,000 kamfanoni na dukkan matakai da nau'o'in nau'ikan tsarin mallakar suna da hannu (wanda 2,000 ne manyan), wanda shine kashi ɗaya cikin uku na yawan adadin masana'antu. Kamfanonin suna amfani da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan yawan ma'aikata masu aiki: fiye da mutane miliyan 4.5 (miliyan 3.5 daga cikinsu ma'aikata ne). A manyan yawan ma'aikata kayyade zamantakewa muhimmancin da kansu a samar da aikin yi.

Tarihin tarihi

Mutanen da ke kan iyakar kasar Rasha sun yi amfani da karafa daga ƙauyuka. A cikin Urals, an riga an gano wuraren da aka gano, inda aka narke karfe da kuma samfurori daban-daban daga cikinsu fiye da shekaru 6000 da suka wuce. A cikin Kievan Rus a cikin karni na X an sami manyan tarurrukan da ke samar da samfurori masu mahimmanci. A XII karni, kakanninmu ƙware juya da milling inji. Duk da haka, ƙananan kayan ginin masana'antu a Rasha sun bayyana a karni na 16. An danganta su da makamai masu linzami kuma aka ajiye su a Tula. Wannan aikin ya dogara ne akan mota na baƙin ƙarfe na gida, amma ƙananan ne, ya warwatse da kuma rashin tsari.

Canjin juyin juya hali a cikin masana'antu ya faru a karkashin Peter I, wanda ya jagoranci tsarin bunkasa aikin. Sojojinsa sun bukaci karin makaman zamani, ammonium, kayan aiki. Tare da gano babban adadi na iron iron a cikin Urals, masana'antun masarufi, musamman makamai, an halicce su a can.

Kamfanin Locomotive

Gwargwadon nauyin samfurori na samfurori na haifar da gaskiyar cewa yawancin gine-ginen gine-gine na Rasha, kasancewa masu sana'a na musamman na wasu samfurori, a lokaci guda suna da ƙananan kundin tallace-tallace cikin ka'idodin kuɗi. Tare da kamfanonin Rasha mafi yawa a masana'antun man fetur, masana'antu da man fetur, kawai AvtoVAZ, Sukhoi, GZ, SOK da KAMAZ sune daidai da batun tallace-tallace.

Ma'aikatan su ne manyan kamfanonin masana'antun mota (kamfanonin injiniya da kuma mafi girma a cikin tsarin samar da kayayyaki na injuna) da kuma masana'antun sojoji-masana'antu, yayin da yawan adadin manyan masana'antun masana'antu (tare da yawan kuɗin da yawansu ya kai fiye da biliyan 5) ya kasance kadan.

Riƙe da Figures

Rasha inji aikin injiniya a cikin 'yan shekaru hau a cikin hanyar samuwar rike da kamfanoni da kudi-masana'antu kungiyoyin (' ya'yan ɓaure). Bugu da ƙari, akwai ci gaban ci gaba da kamfanoni na ginin masana'antu da kuma mallakar da aka kirkiro a cikin shekarun da suka gabata (United Machine Buildings, Engine Engineering Corporation, Sabon Shirye-shiryen da Ka'idoji, da dai sauransu), da kuma samar da sababbin kungiyoyi da aka kirkiro bisa ga yawan kuɗin da aka samu a sauran masana'antu. Ƙarawar da aka fi sani a cikin masana'antu na masana'antu na kamfanonin ƙera fasaha, wanda ya haifar da samuwa a cikin masana'antar mota na FPG "RusPromAuto" da kuma rukuni na kamfanonin masana'antu "Severstal". A sakamakon haka, a yawancin yankuna, kamfanoni ɗaya ko kuma manyan kamfanoni (kungiyoyi) sun ɗauki siffar, suna da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikinsu.

Mafi yawan kayan ginin masana'antu a Rasha

Jerin kamfanoni tare da ma'aikata fiye da 12,000 sun fadi da izinin girma (daga 120 zuwa dama dozin). Kamfanoni na sama-10 a cikin yawan mutanen da ke aiki a gare su a cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce sun yi canje-canje mai yawa. Yawancin masana'antu suna da asarar kudi, wasu sun rage ma'aikata. Alal misali, muna ba da tamanin matakan gine-ginen injiniya a gindin ci gabanta da yau.

Ƙarin bayani mafi girma na manyan kamfanonin aiki ta yankin shi ne kamar haka.

Central Tarayya District

A yammacin Rasha manyan masana'antu na masana'antu-masana'antu sun fi mayar da hankali (musamman, jiragen sama da labaru, tsaro na iska da radar, bindigogi, motocin motsa jiki), masana'antun sararin samaniya, da magungunan diesel, injuna, kayan aiki da kayan aiki. A cikin Kaluga yankin yana aiki da dukkanin kamfanonin masana'antar mota na masana'antun waje. A halin yanzu, ƙwararren AZLK da ZIL masu ƙyama na gida sun rasa girmansu.

• Kamfanoni na yankin gabashin Kazakhstan Almaz-Antey (yawancin ma'aikata na damuwa shine mutane 98,000). Ya hada da Moscow Avangard Engineering Plant (samar da makamai masu linzami na yaki da jiragen sama), Dolgoprudnoye NPP (tsarin makamai masu linzami na yaki da jirgin sama), NPO LEMZ (tashar radar), Moscow Radio Engineering Plant (kayan rediyo) da sauransu.
• GKNPTS da su. MV Khrunichev (43,500 mutane, Moscow) wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin rukunin roka da sararin samaniya. Tasowa da kuma samar da 'yan bindigogi "Proton", "Angara".
• Cibiyar Ginin Gina ta Moscow "Znamya Truda" da RSK "MiG" (14,500 mutane, Moscow) - samar da mayakan MiG.
• Kamfanoni na kamfanin kamfanonin kasashen waje: Renault Rasha (Avtoframos, 2300, Moscow), PSMA Rus (PSA Peugeot Citroen da Mitsubishi, Kaluga Region), Volkswagen Group Rus (Kaluga Region), Volvo Vostok »(Kaluga yankin) da sauransu.
• RSC Energia (Korolev) ita ce babbar kamfani ta sararin samaniya.
• MIC "NPO Mashinostroenia" (mutane 18000, Reutov) - fasahar roka da fasaha.
• MZ "ZiO-Podolsk" (mutane 4,700) - kayan aiki na tsirrai na wutar lantarki da kuma tashoshin wutar lantarki.
• Kolomna Plant (6400 mutane) - manhajar diesel, locomotives na lantarki, kayan aikin diesel.
• Bryansk Engineering Shuka (6800 mutane) - diesel locomotives, wajan.
• "Avtodizel" (Yaroslavl Automobile Plant) - samar da injuna.

Tarayyar Tarayya ta Arewa-Yamma

Mafi yawan kayan ginin masana'antu na Rasha suna mayar da hankali ne a St. Petersburg da yankin Leningrad. Gidajen gine-gine na gida suna da matsayi na gaba a cikin aikin soja da farar hula. Daga cikin labarun gida tare da manyan kantuna masu yawa (kadada 200 a tsakiyar birnin) shi ne Kirov Tractor Plant, wanda babban asusunsa shi ne izinin sararin samaniya, maimakon samar da samfurori. A cikin unguwa, a Vsevolozhsk, akwai babban kamfanin Ford. Wani gini na ginin masana'antar yankin shine birnin Severodvinsk, inda aka gina gine-gine.

• "Sevmash" (mutane 25000, Severodvinsk) - gina jirgin ruwa.
• Shipyards na St. Petersburg: Admiralty Shipyards (na farko da birnin birnin, mutane 8000), Baltiysky Zavod (mutane 4000), Severnaya Verf (3,500 mutane), Sredne-Nevsky (kimanin 1,000 mutane) .
• Samar da kayan aiki ga masana'antun masana'antu: Leningrad Metal Plant (a cikin 2017 Alamar 160th, samar da turbines), Electrosila (masu samar da wutar lantarki), Izhorskiye Zavody (kayan aikin makamashin nukiliya, excavators).
• Kamfanoni masu amfani Hyundai, Toyota, Nissan, Hyundai, General Motors, MAN, Scania.
• LOMO (Petersburg) - kayan kida.
• Kirov Tractor Plant (8000 mutane) - samar da tractors "Kirovets", daban-daban kayan aiki.

Southern FD

Babban motsi na ginin masana'antu a yankin shi ne samar da kayan aikin noma da kayan aiki don makamashi. An bayyana manyan masana'antun motocin motoci TagAZ da Volgograd Tractor Plant.

• Ginin masana'antun "Rostselmash" (mutane 10,000, Rostov-on-Don) - samar da masu girbi "Don" da sauran kayan aikin noma.
• "Red Boiler" (mutane 4,400, Taganrog) - manyan masana'antun kayan aiki.
• Atommash (Volgodonsk) shine babban jagoran kayan aiki na masu amfani da makamashin nukiliya da kuma tsire-tsire na wutar lantarki.
• PA Barrikady (mutane 3300, Volgograd) wani kayan aiki ne mai banbanci (makamai masu linzami, makamai masu linzami, kayan aiki na makamashin nukiliya da man fetur da gas).

Privolzhsky Federal District

Yankin yana da gine-ginen ginin masana'antu a Rasha: AvtoVAZ, GAZ, Tyazhmash, KamAZ, UAZ, Kalashnikov da sauransu. Hanyoyin samfurori na da yawa: daga bearings (1/4 na kasuwar gida) don kayan aiki na musamman don makamashi, daga motoci zuwa jiragen sama.

• AvtoVAZ (52000 mutane, Togliatti) shine ƙaddamarwa a cikin yawan motocin da aka samar.
• "Tyazhmash" (7000 Pax, Syzran.) - kayan aiki ga mãsu nauyi masana'antu.
• Tsarin motoci na kungiyar "GAZ": Gorky Automobile Plant (ƙananan motoci da matsakaici, motocin soja, motoci), Pavlovsky Bus (PAZ), Ulyanovsk Engine Plant da sauransu.
• KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny) babban kamfanin kayan aikin gida ne.
• Kamfanoni na Izhevsk: Kalashnikov (tsohon Izhmash, mutane 4,500), Izhevsky Mechanical Plant (mutane 7,000).
• Kamfanonin jiragen sama na Bashkiria: UMPO (mutane 21000, UFA) - injunan jiragen sama, UPPO (Ufa) - jirgin sama, KumAPP (Kumertau) - samar da gyaran hawan helicopters na "KA" jerin.
• Perm Engine Complex (12,000 mutane) - roka da kuma jirgi jiragen sama.
• Motovilikha shuke-shuke (mutane 7000, Perm) makamai ne.
• UAZ (Ulyanovsk) - motocin motoci da motoci.
• Aviastar-SP (10,000 mutane, Ulyanovsk) shine mafi girma a cikin ginin jiragen sama (Tu, An, Il jiragen sama).

FD na Ural

Urals ba a ba da gangan ake kira zuciya na masana'antu na Rasha ba. Kasancewar dukiya mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci sun zama abubuwan da ake bukata don kasancewa da manyan masana'antu a masana'antu a nan, wanda yafi dacewa da aiki da karafa da kuma gandun daji. Cibiyoyi mafi inganci na aikin injiniya sune Ekaterinburg da Nizhny Tagil.

• "Uralvagonzavod" (mutane 27000, Nizhny Tagil) na ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni na masana'antu na gida. Samar da samfuran samfurori masu yawa: daga motocin sufurin motoci zuwa tankuna. Ƙungiyar Uraltransmash (Yekaterinburg) ta samar da manyan bindigogi da motoci.
• Uralmash (mutane 14000, Yekaterinburg) shi ne shugaban cikin samar da hawan hakowa, hakar ma'adinai, kayan aiki.
• ZiK (Yekaterinburg) - tsarin makami mai linzami na yaki da jirgin sama, kayan aiki na gari.
• Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (13000 mutane) - tractors, kayan aikin hanya, injuna zuwa gare su.
• Cibiyar motoci ta "Ural" (13,500 mutane, Miass) - motoci.
• "Kurganmashzavod" (mutane 4800, Kurgan) - kayan aikin soja (motoci na motoci, tractors).
• Zlatoust na ginin ginin - fasahar roka.

Yankin Tarayyar Siberiya

Ginin gine-ginen yana mayar da hankali ne ga aikin soja-masana'antu, aikin jirgin sama da kuma samar da kayan aiki na aikin noma. Yawancin kamfanoni masu asali sun kasance bankrupt ko kusa da wannan. Kamfanoni a wannan yankin suna buƙatar sabuntawa da goyan baya.

• Kamfanonin Aerospace: NAPO su. V.P. Chkalov (mutane 6000, Novosibirsk) - samar da jiragen sama na Sukhoi; Polet (4,500 mutane, Omsk) - jirgin sama, satellites na tsarin GLONAS, fasahar roba da fasaha; Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant (6000 mutane) yana daya daga cikin mafi yawan masana'antun jirgin saman: My jiragen sama da jiragen jiragen sama; Irkutsk Aviation Plant - jirgin sama "Su", "Yak", "MS", haɗin don Airbus; "Harkokin Tsaro na Bayanai" (mutane 8000, Zheleznogorsk) - tauraron dan adam don dalilai daban-daban da kuma tsarin sadarwa.
• "Tyazhstankogidropress" (Novosibirsk) - manyan masana'antun man fetur na lantarki, kayan aikin injiniya, tsalle-tsalle.
• Rediyo don su. AS Popova (Omsk) - aikin injiniya na rediyo da sadarwa.
• "Altayvagon" (7000 mutane, Novoaltaysk) - samar da wajan.
• Ginin masana'antun LRRZ (mutane 6000, Ulan-Ude) - samar da gyare-gyare na locomotives da lantarki.

Far Eastern Federal District

Bayyanawa daga manyan kamfanoni:

• KAU da su. Gagarin (13,500 mutane, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - babbar kamfanin jirgin saman kasar. Sojoji (iyalin Su, PAK FA) da kuma jiragen ruwa (Sukhoi Superjet), an samar da su ga Boeing.
• Kamfanonin samar da jirgi da gyaran jiragen ruwa: Amur Shipyard (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - da aka samar da jiragen ruwa na nukiliya, yanzu sojoji da farar hula; Dalzavod (Vladivostok); Primorskiy shuka (Nakhodka), Nakhodka shipyard.

Kammalawa

Rasha aikin injiniya da yake faruwa ta hanyar wuya sau. Duk da m iko masana'antu m, mafiya yawa daga cikin flagships na rage samar, da yawa frankly tsira. A masana'antu ne a dire bukatar gyara, na zamani da kayan da kayan aiki, wani sabon tsarin kula da management. A halin yanzu, da gina sabon high-yi kasuwanci, yafi kananan da kuma matsakaici-sized. Mun samu a karo na biyu iska shuke-shuke da samar da soja kayayyakin. Nuna babban amfani a kasashen waje abokan, musamman automakers. Lokacin da hadaddun goyon bayan da jihar da kuma kamfanoni injiniya iya yin da yawa mafi girma taimako ga tattalin arzikin kasar.