Malleability da tagulla. Halaye na jan karfe

Malleability kira laulayi da karafa da kuma gami for bisa ƙirƙira da kuma sauran iri matsa lamba magani. Wannan na iya zama wani zane, stamping, mirgina ko latsa. jan malleability Yana halin da ba kawai da nakasawa juriya, amma kuma moldability. Mene ne plasticity? Wannan ikon na karfe ya canza ta da contours karkashin matsin ba tare da keta. Malleable karafa hada da tagulla, karfe, duralumin da sauran wasu jan karfe, magnesium, nickel, aluminum gami. Wannan suna da wani babban matakin plasticity ne a hade tare da low jure nakasawa.

jan karfe

Abin sha'awa, shi ya dubi kamar halayyar da tagulla? An sani cewa shi ne wani kashi na kungiyar 11 4 lokaci na sinadaran abubuwa D. I. Mendeleeva. Its zarra yana da 29 da dakuna da kuma aka denoted da alama Cu. A gaskiya, wannan shi ne tsaka-tsakin karfe Plastics ruwan hoda da zinariya launin ruwan kasa. Af, yana da wani ruwan hoda launi, idan oxide film ne mãsu fakowa ba. Daga zamanin da, wannan kashi da ake amfani da mutane.

labarin

Daya daga cikin na farko karafa da cewa mutane suka fara rayayye amfani a cikin tattalin arzikin, shi ne jan karfe. Lalle ne, shi ma yana samuwa ga samu daga tama, kuma yana da low narkewa batu. An dade an san ga mutãne Bakwai karafa, wanda kuma ya hada da tagulla. A yanayi, wannan kashi ne fiye da na kowa fiye da azurfa, da zinariya ko kuwa baƙin ƙarfe. Ancient abubuwa na jan slag, suna da wani wasiya ga ta smelting na ores. Su da aka samu a lokacin tono na mazauna Çatalhöyük. An sani cewa a cikin Copper Age sun yadu jan abubuwa. ya bi wani dutse a cikin tarihin duniya.

S. A. Semonov tare da ma'aikata ta gudanar da gwaji nazarin cewa gano cewa, da jan kayan aikin a kwatanta da dutse amfani a hanyoyi da dama. Bã su da wani mafi girma gudun planing, hakowa, yankan da kuma sawing itace. A lura da kashi jan wuka yana a matsayin mai yawa, da duwatsu. Amma jan dauke da wani m karfe.

Sau da yawa sosai, a zamanin da aka yi amfani da maimakon tagulla gami da tin - tagulla. Yana da ya wajaba ga yi na makamai da kuma sauran abubuwa. Saboda haka, domin a maye gurbin Copper Age zo da tagulla. Bronze karo na farko samu a gabas ta tsakiya 3000 shekaru BC. e.: mutane kamar ƙarfi da kyau kwarai ductility da tagulla. Daga cikin sakamakon da tagulla tafi girma kayan aikin da farauta, jita-jita, da kayan ado. Duk wadannan abubuwa da ake samu a archaeological tono. Bugu da ari, Bronze Age ba hanya zuwa ƙarfe.

Yadda za a samu da jan iya a zamanin da? Da farko, shi ne ba cirewa daga wani sulfide kuma daga malachite tama. Lalle ne, a cikin wannan harka, don shiga cikin na farko da harbe-harben da aka ba dole ba. Domin wannan tama da kwal cakuda da aka sanya a cikin wani lãka tukunya. A jirgin ruwa da aka saita a wani m rami da kuma cakuda shi ne kunna. Next farawa, don samar da carbon monoxide, wanda da gudummawar da maido da malachite free tagulla.

An sani cewa a Cyprus a cikin na uku Millennium BC aka gina jan mahakar, a kan abin da aka za'ayi smelting.

A ƙasashen Rasha da kuma makwabtan jihohin jan mahakar sun fito kan biyu millennia BC. e. Kango ne a cikin Urals, da kuma Ukraine, da kuma Caucasus, da kuma Altai, kuma a cikin m Siberia.

Industrial narkewa jan aka amfani a cikin goma sha uku karni. Kuma a cikin goma sha biyar igwa Yard da aka kafa a Moscow. A can a tagulla simintin bindigogi na daban-daban calibers. M adadin jan aka kashe a masana'antu na karrarawa. A 1586, da tagullar da aka jefa Tsar igwa, a 1735 - da Tsar Bell a 1782. A Bronze doki da aka halitta. A 752, da master samar m Big Buddha mutum-mutumi a cikin Haikalin Todai-ji Haikalin Ubangiji. A general, jerin ayyukan art foundry ne m.

A cikin karni na sha takwas mutane gano da wutar lantarki. A sa'an nan da babbar yawa jan fara barin domin yi na waya da kuma irin kayayyakin. A cikin karni na ashirin, da wayoyi sun koyi su yi aluminum, amma jan a lantarki da aikin injiniya da har yanzu yana da babban muhimmanci.

Asalin sunan

Kuma ka san abin da Cuprum - ne Latin sunan na jan karfe, samu daga sunan tsibirin Cyprus? Af, a Strabo jan styled halkosom - birnin Halkida a kan Euboea laifin asalin sunan. Mai Greek sunayen tagulla, da na tagulla abubuwa sun faru shi ne daga wannan kalmar. Suna amfani da ko'ina a blacksmithing, daga bisa ƙirƙira da kuma Fitar kayayyakin. Wani lokacin ake magana a kai a matsayin jan AES, wanda ke nufin tama ko nawa.

A Slavic kalmar "tagulla" ba a furta etymology. Zai yiwu shi ne da haihuwa. Amma shi ne sau da yawa sosai samu a cikin mafi tsoho da wallafe-wallafen Monuments na Rasha. V. I. Abaev zaci cewa wannan kalma ta fito ne daga sunan kasar daga Media. Copper Alchemists kira "Venus". A baya sau da shi aka kira "Mars".

Ina jan a cikin yanayi?

Ɓawon burodi riko (4,7-5,5) x 10 ^-3% jan karfe (by nauyi). A kogin ruwa da kuma teku ruwa shi ne da yawa kasa: 10 ^-7% da kuma 3 x 10 ^-7% (by nauyi) bi da bi.

A yanayi, ne sau da yawa sosai jan mahadi. A masana'antu na amfani CuFeS ₂ chalcopyrite kira da jan pyrites, bornite Cu ₅ FeS _4, chalcocite Cu ₂ S. Lokaci guda mutane sami da sauran jan ma'adanai cuprite Cu ₂ Ya, Cu azurite ₃ (CO _{3) 2} (OH) _2, Cu malachite ₂ CO ₃ (OH) ₂ da kuma covellite CuS. Sau da yawa sosai, mutum nauyi na jan gungu har zuwa 400 tons. Copper sulfides suna kafa yafi a cikin matsakaici-zazzabi hydrothermal jijiyoyinmu. Sau da yawa a cikin sedimentary kankara iya samun jan adibas - shale da kuma jan sandstones. A mafi sani adibas ne a cikin Trans-Baikal Territory Udokan Zhezkazgan a Kazakhstan, Mansfeld a Jamus da kuma nectariferous bel na Jamhuriyar Afirka. Sauran arziki jan ajiya located in Chile (Kolyausi da Escondida) da kuma Amurka (Morensi).

Mafi yawa daga cikin jan tama mined ta bude hanyar. Ya ƙunshi daga 0.3 zuwa 1.0% jan karfe.

jiki Properties

Mutane da yawa masu karatu da sha'awar a cikin bayanin irin tagulla. Wannan roba ruwan hoda da zinariya karfe. A kan bãyan tẽkun iska take rufe da oxide film, wanda ya ba shi wani irin zafin ja-yellow ya dafa. Sha'awa, da bakin ciki fim na jan karfe ne blue-koren launi.

Osmium, cesium, jan, da zinariya a launi da wannan launi, daban-daban daga cikin sauran launin toka, ko ta azurfa karfe. Wannan launi sautin nuna gaban electron miƙa mulki tsakanin hudu rabin komai da kuma cika da uku atomic orbitals. Tsakanin su akwai wani makamashi bambanci m zuwa zango na launi orange. A wannan tsarin ne ke da alhakin musamman launi na zinariya.

Mene ne mafi ban mamaki halayyar da tagulla? Wannan ƙarfe ƙunshi wani fuska-tsakiya cubic raga, a sarari kungiyar Fm3m, a = 0,36150 nm, Z = 4.

A mafi shahara da jan daga high lantarki da kuma thermal watsin. Bisa ga halin yanzu gudanar da shi ne tsakanin da karafa a cikin na biyu wuri. Ba zato ba tsammani, giant jan yana da zazzabi coefficient na juriya da fadi da zafin jiki da fuska ne kusan zaman kanta da ta Manuniya. Copper aka kira diamagnetic.

Copper gami ne bambance bambancen. Mutane koya hada da tutiya da tagulla, nickel azurfa da nickel da wani gubar babbitt, da tagulla, da kuza, da kuma sauran karafa.

jan isotopes

Copper yana da biyu barga isotopes - ⁶³ Cu da kuma ⁶⁵ Cu, wanda da Yaduwar 69,1 da 30,9 atomic kashi bi da bi. Kullum, akwai fiye da biyu dozin isotopes da ciwon da wata tabbata. A mafi tsawo-rayu isotope ne ⁶⁷ Cu da rabin rai na 62 hours.

Yadda za a samu da tagulla?

Production na jan karfe ne mai matukar ban sha'awa tsari. Wannan ƙarfe aka shirya daga jan ores da kuma ma'adanai. Ainihin hanyoyin da shirye-shiryen ne da jan hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, kuma electrolysis.

Ka yi la'akari da pyrometallurgical Hanyar. Bisa ga hanya, da jan daga sulfidic ores, kamar chalcopyrite, CuFeS _2. A chalcopyrite feedstock ne 0,5-2,0% Cu. Da farko, da farko tama ne flotation. Sa'an nan, da oxidizing ƙõnuwa da shi a zazzabi na 1400 digiri. Bugu da ari hadayu tattara da ke shiga cikin smelting zuwa Matte. Domin dauri da baƙin ƙarfe oxide a cikin narke aka kara silica.

A sakamakon silicate kamar yadda slag gudãna, kuma aka rabu. A kasa ya rage Matte - sulphides gami CU ₂ S da FeS. Bugu da ari, shi ne narke ta Hanyar Henry Bessemer. Don wannan karshen, da Converter aka zuba zubi Matte. Sai ganga aka yi kafararsa da oxygen. A ƙarfe sulfide, wanda aka oxidized zuwa oxide amfani silica cire daga kan aiwatar matsayin silicate. Copper sulfide aka oxidized zuwa jan oxide ba cikakken, amma sai rage zuwa ƙarfe da tagulla.

A bororo da jan samu dauke 90,95% na karfe. Next, shi ne hõre electrolytic tsaftacewa. Sha'awa, da electrolyte ne acidic bayani na jan karfe sulfate.

An kafa a kan cathode electrolytic jan wanda yana da wani high mita kimanin 99,99%. Abubuwan da aka yi da jan karfe samar sosai daban-daban: wayoyi, lantarki da kayan aiki, gami.

Hydrometallurgical Hanyar ne ɗan daban-daban. Akwai jan ma'adanai saki narkar da a sulfuric acid ko ammoniacal bayani. Daga shirye taya kau da jan ƙarfe karfe.

Chemical Properties na jan karfe

A mahadi na jan karfe nuna biyu hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohin +1 +2 kuma. A farko daga cikin wadannan o ƙarin tabbatar da zama disproportionate kuma shi ne barga kawai a cikin insoluble mahadi ko gidaje. Ba zato ba tsammani, jan colorless fili.

A hadawan abu da iskar shaka Jihar +2 more barga. Wannan yana bada gishiri blue kuma Cyan. A halinda iya shirya mahadi da wani mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na +3 da +5 ko. A karshen da aka samu a salts kupraboranovogo anion samu a shekarar 1994.

Pure jan a iska ba ya canja. Wannan rauni rage wakili ba amsa tare da tsarma hydrochloric acid da kuma ruwa. Oxidized mayar da hankali nitric da sulfuric acid, halogens, oxygen, da kuma "Ruwa regia", oxides na ba-karafa, chalcogens. Lokacin da mai tsanani, shi reacts tare da hydrogen halides.

Idan iska ne m, da tagulla aka oxidized, forming wani asali jan carbonate (II). Yana reacts daidai da zafi da sanyi cikakken sulfuric acid, anhydrous zafi sulfuric acid.

Tare da tsarma hydrochloric acid jan reacts a gaban oxygen.

Hikimar tantance sunadarai jan

Kowa ya sani cewa wannan sunadarai. Copper a cikin bayani ne sauki gane. Don yin wannan, a platinum waya moisten da gwajin bayani, sa'an nan kuma ƙara da shi zuwa Bunsen kuka harshen wuta. Idan jan ne ba a cikin bayani, da harshen wuta za a canza launin a kore da kuma blue. Dole ka sani cewa:

• Yawanci, da adadin da tagulla a weakly acidic mafita ne auna ta wajen hydrogen sulfide: shi ne gauraye da abu. Yawanci, da tagulla sulfide precipitates.
• A waɗannan mafita inda babu tsoma baki ions, jan ƙayyade complexometric, potentiometric ko potentiometrically.
• Adadi kaɗan na jan karfe a cikin bayani da aka auna na da sanadin motsi hanyoyin.

A amfani da jan karfe

amince nazari Copper ne mai matukar nishadi abu. Saboda haka, aiki karfe yana low resistivity. Saboda wannan quality na jan amfani da samar da wutar lantarki da sauran igiyoyi, wayoyi da sauran conductors. Copper waya amfani a cikin windings na da ikon gidajen wuta da lantarki tafiyarwa. Don ƙirƙirar waccan mujalla da muka karfe zaba articles sosai tsabta, tun impurities nan take rage lantarki watsin. Idan jan ne ba a 0.02% na aluminum, ta lantarki watsin don rage ta 10%.

Wani amfani alama ne m thermal watsin da tagulla. Saboda wannan dukiya da shi da ake amfani a wani iri-iri zafi exchangers, zafi bututu, teplootvodnyh na'urorin da kwamfuta Coolers.

Kuma inda ake da taurin na jan karfe amfani? An sani cewa sumul jan tube na madauwari giciye sashe da kyau kwarai inji ƙarfi. Su ne da jure inji handling da ake amfani da su matsawa taya da gas. Yawanci, sun za a iya samu a ciki gas wadata da kuma samar da ruwa tsarin, tsarin dumama. Suna amfani da ko'ina a refrigeration raka'a da kuma kwandishan tsarin.

Excellent taurin jan aka sani a kasashe da dama. Saboda haka, a Faransa, da Birtaniya da kuma Australia, da jan karfe bututu amfani ga gas samar da gine-gine a Sweden - don dumama, a Amurka, Birtaniya da kuma Hong Kong - shi ne babban abu ga samar da ruwa.

A Rasha, samar da ruwa da kuma iskar gas da jan shambura bisa al'ada misali Gost R 52318-2005 da kuma tarayya Code of Practice SP 40-108-2004 shirya su amfani. Bututu sanya na tagulla da kuma ta gami suna yadu amfani da ikon aikin injiniya da kuma Shipbuilding don matsar da tururi da kuma taya.

Shin, ba ka san cewa jan gami ake amfani da su a da dama daga filayen daga fasahar? Daga cikin wadannan, cikin shahararrun suna dauke da tagulla, da ƙarfe. Dukansu gami hada da babban iyali na kayan, wanda, kuma tutiya da kuza, iya hada bismuth, nickel da sauran karafa. Alal misali, gunmetal amfani har karni na sha tara ga yi na manyan bindigogi bawo, hada da tagulla, da kuza, da kuma tutiya. Its halitta bambanta dangane da wuri da kuma lokaci na yi bindigogi.

Kowa ya san da kyau kwarai processability kuma high ductility da tagulla. Saboda wadannan kaddarorin, da m adadin tagulla bar domin samar da hannayen riga da makamai da kuma manyan bindigogi ammonium. Abin lura shi ne cewa sassa aka sanya na jan-silicon gami, tutiya, da kuza, aluminum da kuma sauran kayan. Copper gami halin high ƙarfi kuma thermal aiki riƙe su inji Properties. Su lalacewa juriya da aka ƙayyade ne kawai ta hanyar da sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma tasirinta a kan tsarin. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan mulki ba su shafi beryllium tagulla da kuma wasu aluminum bronzes.

Copper gami da modulus na elasticity ƙananan fiye da na karfe. Su Babban amfani za a iya kira a kananan gogayya coefficient, a hade ga mafi gami da high ductility, m lantarki watsin da kyau kwarai lalata juriya a lalatattu yanayi. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne tagulla, aluminum da kuma jan-nickel gami. Ba zato ba tsammani, suka samu su aikace-aikace a cikin nau'i-nau'i daga zamiya.

Kusan duk da jan gami da wannan girma na gogayya coefficient. Duk da haka, da lalacewa juriya da kuma inji Properties, da hali a lalatattu yanayin ne kai tsaye dogara a kan gami abun da ke ciki. A ductility da tagulla da ake amfani da single-lokaci gami, da kuma ƙarfi - a biyu bulan. Melchior (coppernickel gami) da ake amfani da minting da tsabar kudin. Copper-nickel gami, ciki har da "admiralty", a yi amfani da Shipbuilding. Na su sanya shambura for condensers, tsaftacewa injin turbin shaye tururi. Abin lura shi ne cewa turbines an sanyaya ta seawater. Copper-nickel gami da wani ban mamaki lalata juriya, don haka sun ayan amfani a yankunan alaka da m tasiri na teku ruwa.

A gaskiya, jan ne babban sinadarin da m solders - gami da ciwon narkewa batu na 590 to 880 digiri Celsius. Shi ne muhimmi a cikin su mai girma mannewa ga mafi karafa, don haka abin da suka nema ga m dangane da daban-daban karfe sassa. Wadannan iya zama bututu kayan aiki ko ruwa jet injuna, Ya sanya daga jũna karafa.

Yanzu jerin gami a cikin abin da jan ductility ne mai muhimmanci. Duralumin ko Duralumin ne aluminum gami da jan karfe. Ga, jan ne 4.4%. Gami da tagulla da zinariya ne sau da yawa amfani da kayan ado. Su zama dole don inganta ƙarfi daga cikin samfurin. Bayan duk, da zinariya tsantsa - wani mai taushi karfe, wanda ba zai iya zama resistant zuwa inji danniya. Products zinariya tsantsa da sauri maras kyau da kuma abraded.

Sha'awa, ga halittar wani oxide na yttrium-barium-jan karfe oxides, jan da ake amfani. Ya hidima a matsayin tushen ga samar da high-zazzabi superconductors. Copper ne ma amfani da samar da batura da kuma jan-oxide electrochemical Kwayoyin.

Wasu yankunan na aikace-aikace

Shin, ba ka san cewa jan karfe ne sau da yawa sosai amfani matsayin mai kara kuzari ga Polymerization na acetylene? Saboda wannan dukiya da tagulla piping amfani ga canja wurin acetylene an yarda a yi amfani ne kawai a lokacin da jan ciki bai wuce 64% na su.

Mutane sun koyi su yi amfani da malleability na jan karfe a gine. Facades da kuma rufi sanya daga bakin ciki sosai takardar jan karfe, suna da matsala-free for 150 shekara. Wannan sabon abu ne da sauƙi bayyana: a cikin tagulla faranti ya auku avtozatuhanie lalata tsari. A Rasha, a jan takardar for facades da kuma rufi daidai da arziki na Tarayya Code of Dokokin SP 31-116-2006.

A nan gaba mutane shirya amfani da jan karfe a matsayin microbicidal saman a asibitoci don hana motsi na kwayoyin Club. All saman cewa ta shãfi mutum hannunka, - da kofa iyawa, handrails, vodozapornaya maras motsi, countertops, gadaje - kwararru za su samar da kawai daga wannan ban mamaki karfe.

alama jan

Wanne iri na jan yana amfani da mutane domin samar da zama dole kayayyakin? Su suna da yawa: da M00, M0, M1, M2, M3. A general, da iri gano jan tsarki na da abun ciki.

Alal misali, jan maki M1r, M2P da M3R ƙunshi 0,04% phosphorus da kuma 0.01% oxygen, da kuma alamomi M1, M2 da M3 - 0.05-0.08% oxygen. The hatimi M0b oxygen ne ba ya nan, da kuma ta yawan abun ciki da aka 0.02% a cikin MO.

Saboda haka, mu tattauna a more daki-daki da tagulla. Table, jefa a kan, zai samar da karin m bayanai:

Brand jan	M00	M0	M0b	M1	M1r	M2	M2P	M3	M3R	M4
percentages ciki jan karfe	99,99	99,95	99,97	99,90	99,70	99,70	99,50	99,50	99,50	99,00

27 maki na jan karfe

A total akwai ashirin da bakwai maki na tagulla. Ina da daidai ne da adadin da jan kayan amfani a mutum? Ka yi la'akari da wannan nuance daki-daki:

• Cu-DPH abu da ake amfani da yi na kayan aiki da ake bukata domin dangane da bututu.
• HAU wajibi ne ga halittar zafi-birgima da sanyi-birgima anodes.
• Amphoux amfani da samar da sanyi-birgima da zafi-birgima anodes.
• M0 ake bukata don ƙirƙirar high-halin yanzu conductors da kuma gami.
• M00 Material amfani ga yi na high-gami da kuma na yanzu conductors.
• M001 da ake amfani da yi na waya, tayoyin da sauran lantarki kayayyakin.
• M001b zama dole don samar da wutar lantarki, kayayyakin.
• M00b ake amfani da su haifar da da na yanzu conductors na high gami da apparatuses lantarki injin masana'antu.
• M00k - feedstock ga halittar maras kyau da kuma simintin billets.
• M0b amfani don ƙirƙirar gami da high mita.
• M0k amfani da samar da simintin gyaran kafa kuma maras kyau workpieces.
• M1 da ake bukata domin yi na waya da kuma masana'antu na cryogenic kayan aiki.
• M16 da ake amfani wajen samar da wutar lantarki injin na'urorin masana'antu.
• M1E bukatar ya haifar da sanyi-birgima tsare kuma tef.
• M1k bukatar haifar da wani Semi-ƙãre kayayyakin.
• M1or amfani ga masana'antu wayoyi da sauran lantarki kayayyakin.
• M1r amfani Manufacturing wayoyin amfani ga waldi baƙin ƙarfe da tagulla.
• M1rE da ake bukata domin samar da sanyi-birgima tsiri da kuma tsare.
• M1u amfani da su haifar da sanyi-birgima da zafi-birgima anodes.
• M1f bukatar haifar da tef, tsare, zafi-birgima da sanyi-birgima zanen gado.
• M2 ana amfani da su tsirar da Semi-ƙãre, kuma sturdy gami dangane da tagulla.
• M2K amfani da samar da Semi-ƙãre kayayyakin.
• M2P ake bukata domin masana'antu sanduna.
• M3 ake bukata domin samar da birgima gami.
• M3R amfani yi da kuma yi birgima gami.
• MB-1 yana da muhimmanci ga halittar beryllium tagulla.
• MSr1 amfani ga yi na lantarki kayayyaki.