Labor yawan aiki - da lissafi dabara. Average aiki yawan aiki, da dabara

Labor yawan aiki ne a duniya rarrabẽwa ga characterizing tasiri na aiki halin kaka a samar da dukiya. Its versatility ne a yankuna biyu na ta yin amfani da matsayin kayan aiki na: masu zaman kansu - kebanci samar ma'aikacin, shop, sha'anin, kuma jama'a game da yankin, kasar ko kungiyar kasashen.

Ya kamata a gane cewa wannan adadi ne da gaske amfani tattalin arziki nuna alama cewa nuna ainihin rarrabẽwa ga yadda ya dace da samar, tabbatas, misali, a cikin musamman hali, nawa samfurin zai yi aiki da mutum-hour (a cikin wannan hanya, shi ne qa'idar da matakin na zaman jama'a da samar da wani tattalin arziki da halayyar - yawan aiki ).

A dabara domin kirga shi wanzu a dama versions, a hanyoyi daban-daban shan la'akari da daban-daban dalilai shafi samar. Kuma da yawa daga cikinsu. Idan muka magana game da ci gaban da sha'anin, irin abubuwan da za su zama da aiki da kai da kuma inganta samfurin quality, Munã rage ta halin kaka da kuma kayan, m dabaru mafita da kuma samar da makamashi yadda ya dace, da haraji ingantawa, kazalika da ci gaba da babban birnin kasar tsarin.

A Rasha tattalin arzikin a cikin tsarin na kasa da kasa Labor yawan aiki

A matakin na rayuwa aiki a samar da kayan dukiya characterizes processability na zamantakewa samar. Wannan adadi ne mai muhimmanci rarrabẽwa ga kasar ta tattalin arziki. Rasha a kan wannan nuna alama ne da shugaban daga cikin CIS kasashe, da nuna da girma daga 1999 zuwa 2011 ta 60%. Duk da haka, statistics nuna cewa wannan ci gaban da aka sanya yiwu saboda gaskiyar cewa rana kafin, a lokacin daga 1989 zuwa 1998. A kasar tsare rage yawan aiki. A dabara domin kirga ta kuzarin kawo cikas, harhada by Bankin Duniya ya nuna cewa a cikin past shekaru goma da Russia gudanar da muhimmanci inganta shiga gasa da na tattalin arziki. A 2010, aiki yawan aiki a cikin Rasha tattalin arzikin amounted zuwa 43% na matakin na raya ƙasashe a cikin Organization ga tattalin arzikin da Development (wanda ya hada da 34 kasashe, ciki har da Amurka, Canada da kuma ƙasashen EU) da kuma 75% daga cikin kasashen duniya da suka kwanan nan ya shiga da shi al'umma.

Historical kimantawa da muhimmancin aiki yawan aiki

An ban sha'awa bincike na ƙarfafa muhimmancin aiki yawan aiki a Rasha gabatar da wani PhD, shugaban na Center for International tattalin arziki Kwatancen Kudrov Valentin Mihaylovich. Ya idan aka kwatanta da yawan aiki na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka a daban-daban sau. The masanin kimiyya yi imanin cewa, a karkashin Khrushchev, da adadi domin Tarayyar Soviet ya a matakin 35% na US matakin, da kuma karkashin Brezhnev (wanda aka karfi da gudanar da baya) ki muhimmanci - har zuwa 27%. A yanzu lokaci, da ciwon shawo kan rikicin, Rasha sake kai matakin da wannan rabo, ko da dan kadan mafificin "Khrushchev."

Bisa ga masanin kimiyya, don inganta ingancinsu na zamantakewa samarwa zai inganta zaman jama'a domin, shawo kan Aljihuna na tsari inefficiencies hade da:

- wanda ya kasa aiki kungiyar na aiki ;

- cikakken kaya na m samar iya aiki.

- m ma'aikata.

- rashin aiki dokokin matsalolin lokacinmu.

- rabu amfani da fasahar.

- ba komai haqqinsa shingen.

- rashin dalili na ma'aikata.

- karancin kasuwar kudi gudana.

Labor yawan aiki a matsayin girmamawa na zamani tattalin arziki siyasa

Bugu da ari girma na aiki yawan aiki, tattalin arziki sun nasaba da ƙara manufacturability. M hanya m. A zartarwa ikon, dauke da fitar da dabarun shiryawa da ci gaban tattalin arziki, lalle ne, haƙĩƙa kamata saka idanu da yarda daga cikin macroeconomic Manuniya na GDP da kuma aiki halin kaka don ta samar. Muhimmancin matsalar na kara yawan aiki na aiki fito a cikin jama'a shiryawa da ayyukan. A shekarar 2012, umurnin № 596 da aka sanya hannu da shugaban kasar Rasha Vladimir Putin, wanda ake shirin wani dogon lokaci tattalin arziki siyasa har 2018. A wannan daftarin aiki, muna magana ne game da kara yawan aiki a cikin Rasha na kasa tattalin arzikin da rabin, idan aka kwatanta da shekara ta 2011 matakin. Don aiwatar da wannan shirin a matsayin sharhi da shugaban kasa, shi zai yiwu ne kawai ta hanyar aiwatar da m tatsuniyoyinsu dormant tattalin arzikin. Haka kuma, a cikin key sassa na tattalin arzikin kamata isa line fourfold karuwa yawan aiki!

Jigon da karuwa a yawan aiki aiki

Matsalar rage jimlar samar da halin kaka yayin da rage su a cikin rabo na rayuwa aiki ne hallmark da fasaha ta zamani. A wannan yanayin, da aiwatar da kara yawan aiki ba boye, shi ne ya sanya ta kara girma na samar yayin da rike wani babban matakin ingancin: samar zama ya fi dacewa. A karshen nufin ba kawai wani karuwa a ta girma, amma kuma da rage a naúrar ta halin kaka. ingantawa sake zagayowar daga wurare dabam dabam na kaya; da maximization na kudi na riba.

Bugu da kari, cikin dogon lokaci Trend na inganta da ingancin aiki dole ne a tare da wata karuwa da ta biya (as wani motivational factor a kara mutum samarwa yi na ma'aikata). A zartarwa matakin dole ne ko da yaushe a iya kwatanta, kamar yadda ya dace da mutum aiki ne idan aka kwatanta da sirri dũkiya. A wani m kamata jama'a kasance a tsare dangantaka da matsayi a al'umma na ta aiki aiki.

yawan aiki. Formula 1 №

Babu shakka, da gudanar da aiwatar da karuwa da aiki yawan aiki ya kamata a dogara ne a kan hanya don kayyade da kuma kimantawa. Shirin inganta ingantaccen amfani da mutum aiki an kõma sama da taimakon biyu Manuniya. Classically yawan aiki ne m dogara ne a kan fitarwa, kazalika da ganewar da. Production za a iya bayyana a matsayin quotient samu ta hanyar rarraba da girma na kerarre kayayyakin (M) da ciyar domin ta masana'antu lokaci, count na rayuwa aiki ciyar (T) (ga Eq. 1).

B = G / T (1)

A rikitaccen - .. A kishiya darajar tare da girmamawa ga halitta, watau shi ya nuna nawa lokaci dole ne ciyar ma'aikacin domin samar Manufacturing wasu darajar (ga dabara 2.).

W = T / Q (2)

Ya kamata kuma a bayyana cewa juz'i na kerarre kayayyakin lasafta darajar (mafi duniya kowa) halitta, mun gwada aiki-irin da form.

Karafa masana'antu aka mamaye halitta nau'i, a cikin haske masana'antu - in mun gwada halitta. Labor Hanyar yana amfani da wata dabara da cewa a zahiri elapsed lokaci idan aka kwatanta da misali.

Kullum ci gaba da aka lasafta sharadi lokaci jinkiri ba, yana nuna kokarin (chelovekoden, mutum-hours). Duk da haka, shi ne, bayyananne cewa wannan dabara ne m, ingantaccen. Bayan duk, a yi, shi ne wani maras mike aiki na yawan aiki. A lissafi dabara ne a kalla ya kamata dogara a kan yawan samar da ma'aikata (m. E. La'akari da sikelin samar) da kuma samar da besprostoynosti.

Labor yawan aiki: lokaci matsa lamba m cin gaban

Quite takamaiman ne dangantakar yawan aiki da kuma samfurin quality. A halin yanzu, da Semi-atomatik kungiyar na samar da Marinjãyi a Rasha masana'antu. A wannan halin da ake ciki, da inganta samar da nagartacce zai babu makawa kai zuwa wani karuwa a cikin aiki na "manual aiki." A karshen shã'aninku, idan bai gogu da duniya, yana nufin gazawar cika da shirin, da kuma a yanayin saukan wani share fage samfurin ingancin rage-rage.

Ta yaya za a iya baje kara yawan aiki? A lissafi dabara za su: kara tsawon lokacin aiki rana (ko dai ta danna kan wani shida-rana na aiki mako). Riba ba muhimmanci ƙara saboda gaskiyar cewa gyarawa halin kaka kasance canzawa. Duk da haka, wannan lokaci ne kawai take kaiwa zuwa abu daya - zamantakewa tashin hankali, "ƙananan azuzuwan ba su so su, da kuma na sama azuzuwan iya ba."

Labor yawan aiki a ba masana'antu sassa na tattalin arzikin

An shi ne kawai a masana'antu kansu kamata a ƙaddara yawan aiki? Tattalin arzikin Amurka, misali, na nuna wani hali zuwa wani gagarumin haddi a cikin GDP rabo daga sabis. Alal misali, a 2010 da rabo daga US kasa samarwa a GDP da aka kasa da 20%! Saboda haka, ya zama a bayyane yake cewa da wasan kwaikwayon aikin injiniya, analysis ne m da sauran sharudda wasu fiye da munasaba da masana'antu ma'aikacin. Domin su, da dacewa, cancantar Manuniya yi amfani da musamman shirye-shirye, damar yin amfani da tunani data. Har ila yau, a kan su yi rinjayi da iyawa na gudanar da daidaituwa da aiki kungiyar.

Game da management matakin da ya fi muhimmanci sharudda ne da sanin halaye na sha'anin da ya danƙa management kwarewa samuwa.

yawan aiki. dabara 2

Domin mafi girma munasaba kayyade yawan aiki na dabara (II) ya gabatar a cikin abun da ke ciki na aiki da kuma downtime factor. Simple za a yi la'akari da ta CRC (rago rabo), a tsare a matsayin rabo na da ainihin rago lokaci zuwa total aiki lokaci. Proizvozvodstvo kashe a "manual aiki", ya ciyar da ma'aikata za a iya bayyana cikin sharuddan T1 - mutum aiki halin kaka yiwuwa ga daya aiki, da kuma B - yawan ma'aikata. Kamar wancan muka samu na biyu dabara domin sanin yawan aiki (ga dabara 3.):

P = (G * (1 - CRC)) / (T1 * H) (3)

Duk da haka, kamar yadda muka ambata, da hadaddun da kuma wadanda ba mikakke ra'ayi ne yawan aiki. Da dabara na shi, a fili, ya dogara ba kawai a kan mutum factor.

yawan aiki dabara shan la'akari da halin kaka

Yana alama wani hadadden matsalar expediency na zuba jari a masana'antu - babban rarrabẽwa na da tasiri na kasa da tattalin arziki. Ya dogara ne a kan kima da aiki yawan aiki da nazarin ta m. A zuba jari dole ne a shiryar da a gaba abin da halin kaka zai haifar da wani samar da sake zagayowar daga kamfanin da ya kafa. Saboda haka, yana da bu mai kyau domin shi don tantance abin da halin kaka shi zai jawo wa kansu for 1 ruble na samarwa. Haka kuma, da sama dabara za a fadada a kudi alaka naúrar kudin samar Manuniya: gajarta da'ira (babban birnin kashe kudi). Ez (aiki halin kaka). P (gyara halin kaka). DAGA (trudooplaty). H (da kuma haraji biya). Da dai sauransu. (Sauran abin da ke faruwa halin kaka (administrative, da dai sauransu).

P = (G * (1 - CRC)) / (W * H * T1) = (G * (1 - CRC)) / ((Ez + RS + R + RT + H + AP) * T1 * H)

management dabarun inganta yawan aiki

Shawara a karkashin binciken a cikin mahallin na tattalin arziki halaye na microeconomics da shawara a multifactorial yanayi. A manyan Trend na bunkasa masana'antu ne gaskiya dauke aiki da kai. Saboda haka, imperfectly yi da ma'aikata na sa ido da kuma kula da ayyuka musamman canjawa wuri zuwa na musamman na'urorin da kuma atomatik na'urorin.

Mutane da yawa sanannun manajoji, da suka fara jagorancin kamfanin, za a fara gwagwarmayar aiki yawan aiki zuwa ƙungiya matakan: simplifying cikin tsari, da rage ma'aikata ba zai iya jimre da masana'antu nagartacce, honing dabaru, ingantawa da baya-ofishin. Suna kuma amfani da su inganta kewayon kayayyakin a kan qa'idar na riba.

Average aiki yawan aiki

Quite rare da kamfanoni da masana'antu da kamfanonin da cewa samar da kewayon kayayyakin, wanda ya kunshi daya kawai samfurin. Babu shakka cewa kowane matsayi na kewayon kayayyakin entails daban-daban halin kaka na samarwa. Kamar yadda wannan ne m da talakawan aiki yawan aiki? Da dabara kayyade talakawan fitarwa (V _s) da aka hada da wani Jimlar kayayyakin yawan kerarre kayayyakin a kowane fanni matsayin (Ya _i), yawaita ta dace hira factor (K _i) (gani dabara 4.):

A _wani = Σ Yã _{i *} K _{i (4)}

The sosai guda rabo aka bayyana kamar haka:

- Gane da kalla lokaci-cinyewa kewayon matsayi.

- haduwar wani na ta mukamai da aka raba ta da ƙaramar aiki shigar. Wannan shi ne ake so rabo.

A muka ambata a sama Naira Miliyan Xari da kayayyakin ta hanyar hira dalilai na daidaita samar da bambancin kayayyakin samar da uniform, m mawuyaci.

ƙarshe

Don cimma ba matakin na aiki yawan aiki, musamman masu zuba jari kamata ya yi la'akari da yawa dalilai: littattafai, fasaha, mutum da kuma kudi. All daga gare su, wadannan dalilai ya kamata a fahimce dauki la'akari manajoji don ƙirƙirar wani dabarun da gaske alamar da kuma nasara samarwa.

Duk da haka, ko da da mafi kyau kungiyar na da rawar da haddasa a ci gaba da aiki yawan aiki a cikin kamfanin mallakar da aiki na gama: samar da nonproduction ma'aikata. Yana da wadannan mutane mafi fiye da kowa zai iya gani untapped damar "da" kamfanin. Haka kuma, ya kamata su yi sha'awar wani haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin ta management: samun dama ga kara yawan aiki: to kara samar, ajiye ta halin kaka, rage aiki tsanani.

Idan dalilai na samar da ma'aikata na sha'anin abubuwa a kaikaice - ta hanyar da management, a kan reserves - kai tsaye. Mene ne reserves? A takaice amsar: shi ne rationalization aiki a biyu kwatance: fasaha da ƙungiya. Reserves, kamar yadda sun yi tsayayya da dalilai (ba dabarun Categories) an rubuta da sauri da kuma a guntu jinkiri na lokaci, da yin amfani da nuna dabara biyan bukata a yanzu.