Kwayoyin cutar da microbes karkashin madubin (photos)

Gaskiyar cewa muna kewaye da germs, ya buɗe Dutch masanin kimiyya Leeuwenhoek. Daga baya, Pasteur ya iya kafa wata mahada tsakanin su da yawa cututtuka. Microbes bayyana a Duniya da wasu daga cikin na farko da suka sami damar daidai rayu har zuwa yanzu, tun da sun shagaltar kusan kowane kusurwa na duniya. An same su a cikin zafi vents na volcanoes da kuma a cikin permafrost a cikin m Hamada a duniya teku ruwa. Haka kuma, suna da kyau zauna a sauran halittu da kuma bunƙasa a can, wani lokacin kawo ubangijinsa zuwa mutuwa.

Kamar yadda gano microbes?

Antoniy Levenguk ƙirƙira da microscope kuma da taimakon kaunace ka dubi abin da ba za a iya gani da ido tsirara. Yana da aka 1676. Da zarar kirkiro yanke shawarar gano dalilin da ya sa barkono tincture na kona harshe, ya dube shi a karkashin wani madubin, da kuma bayani ya gigice. A drop of wani abu, kamar yadda idan a wasu irin fantasy duniya, circling, gliding, turawa ko sa har yanzu daruruwan sandunansu, bukukuwa, spirals, hooks. Wannan abin da microbes karkashin wani hange. Leeuwenhoek fara nazarin karkashin wani microscope duk da cewa ya zo ya mika, kuma a ko'ina gitta daruruwan unknown halittu, wanda ya kira animalkulyami. Scientist kankare daga hakori plaque da kuma dube shi da wani kayan aiki. Kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya a plaque animalkuley ya fiye da mazauna kusa da UK. Wadannan sauki bincike ya soma dukan kimiyya kira ilimin (mold a kan burodi photo).

Microbes - wanda shi ne wannan ko wancan?

Microbes kira wata babbar kungiyar na protozoa, ha halittu nukiliya-free (kwayoyin cuta, archaea), da kuma ciwon core (fungi). A duniya, su ne m. Wasu kwayoyin cuta, akwai game da miliyan jinsuna. A yawan siffofin da suka kasance a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Mutane da yawa ban sha'awa look kamar microbes karkashin wani hange. Su duba quite bambancin. Girma microbes bambanta daga 0.3 zuwa 750 microns (1 micron karkacewa daya dubbai a millimeter). A form suna zagaye kamar ball (cocci), sanda-dimbin yawa (bacillus da sauransu), juya cikin karkace (spirilla, vibrio), kamar cubes, da taurari da kuma bublichki. Mutane da yawa microbes da flagella da villi ga nasara motsi. Mafi yawansu ba su ne guda-celled, amma akwai kwayar, misali, fungi, kwayoyin cuta da kuma blue-kore algae (photo mold kwayoyin).

Rayuwar da mazauninsu

Mafi sani ga yau microbes zama a wani moderately dumi yanayin zafi. 40 darajõji, kuma a sama, to, sunã a kiyaye for fiye da sa'a guda, kuma a lõkacin da Boiled kashe nan take. Har ila yau, domin wadannan cutarwa radiation da kuma hasken rana kai tsaye. Duk da haka, daga gare su akwai matsananci da 'yan wasa da yin tsayayya ko da + 400 ° C! A flavobaktin bacteria zaune a cikin stratosphere, ba ji tsoron wani sanyi ko cosmic radiation.

All kwayoyin numfashi. Daya kawai oxygen tana bukatar, da kuma wasu - carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen da sauran abubuwa. Abinda cewa kana bukatar duk microbes - ruwa. Idan babu ruwa, za su dace da ko da gamsai. Wadannan su ne kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a cikin jikin dabbobi da mutane. An kiyasta cewa, kowane daga cikin mu game da 2 kg microbes. Su ne a cikin ciki, hanjinsu, huhu, da fata, a cikin bakinka. Very yawa germs karkashin yatsun (a karkashin madubin shi ne cikakke sarai). A lokacin da rana, da muka gudanar da hannayensu a kan da dama batutuwa, zaunar germs da suke a kan su, a hannayensu. Talakawa sabulu ya kashe mafi germs, amma a karkashin kusoshi, musamman dogon suka tsaya da asali nasarar (photo a kan fata na kwayoyin cuta).

abinci

Microbes, kamar 'yan adam, feed sunadarai, carbohydrates, ma'adinai kari, fats. Mafi yawa daga cikinsu "kamar" bitamin.

Idan ka duba a microbes karkashin wani madubin da mai kyau da zuƙowa, za ka iya ganin su tsari. Suna da nucleoid Adanar DNA, ribosomes, sunadarai an hada ne daga amino acid, da kuma musamman membrane. Ta hanyar ta microbes sha abinci. Akwai autotrophic kwayoyin dacewa suna bukatar abubuwa daga inorganic mahadi. Akwai heterotrophic, cewa za a iya ciyar da shirye-sanya kwayoyin mahadi. Wannan na ƙwarai yisti, mold, putrefaction kwayoyin. Human kayayyakin abinci ne mafi kyawawa yanayi. Akwai paratrofnye microbes cewa wanzu ne kawai a kudi na kwayoyin halitta wasu halittu masu rai. Wadannan sun hada da duk kwayoyin. The girma na microbes fãce halophiles, ba zai iya zama a cikin wani yanayi da wani babban gishiri taro. Wannan yanayin da aka yi amfani da pickling abinci (photo kabba da ciwon sanyi kwayoyin).

haifuwa

Wuce yarda, wasu iri kwayoyin zama jima'i tsari, albeit a wani sosai m form. Yana da yake a cikin riwayar hereditary genes daga iyaye zuwa zuriya Kwayoyin. Wannan na faruwa ta tuntužar da "iyaye" ko sha na juna. A sakamakon haka, mikroby- "yara" gãdon halaye na iyaye biyu. Amma mafi yawan germs da kwayoyin haifa ta rarraba da wani mai gangara constriction ko dake tasowa. Yin microbes karkashin wani microscope, za ka iya ganin yadda wasu daga cikinsu a daya karshen akwai kananan sprout (toho). Ya aka hanzari kara, aka sa'an nan rabu da juna biyu kwayoyin da kuma fara zaman kanta rayuwa. Da ake dasu "Mama" cikin wannan hanya za a iya nuna wani 4 zuwa zuriya, sa'an nan suka mutu (photo Helicobacter pylori, Yanã gastrointestinal ulcers, ciwon daji).

A microbes ne daban-daban daga ƙwayoyin cuta?

Wasu mutane suna tunanin cewa ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin - shi ne guda. Amma wannan shi ne daidai ba. Ƙwayoyin cuta, kasancewa mafi yawa siffofin rayuwa, ne kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa ne kawai a kudi na wasu. Idan za mu iya ganin microbes karkashin wani microscope ko girman siffar gilashi, da ƙwayoyin cuta da suke kasa da sau ɗari da kwayoyin cuta, za a iya daukan kawai iko electron microscopes. Kowane guda virus - parasites cewa sa cuta a cikin mutane, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, har ma da kwayoyin. A karshen ne ya kira bacteriophages. A duniya, suna da yawa ya fi girma fiye kwayoyin. Alal misali, a cikin tẽku ruwa cokali na game da miliyan 250. Seawater ne saboda haka amfani da shi ya ƙunshi kwayoyin kashe bacteriophages. Da zarar a haɗe zuwa jikin kwayoyin cuta, da suka hallaka ta harsashi da samun ciki. Akwai ƙwayoyin cuta fara samar da nasu irin, a sakamakon, rundunar cell mutu. Just nuna hali virusofagi. Wannan dukiyar da ake amfani a magani domin samar da maganin rigakafi (a cikin hoto - bacteriophages).

Germs-abokai

Abin mamaki shine, kawai wata goma na mu iyaka Kwayoyin - a zahiri adam. Wasu kasance a jikin kwayoyin cutar da microbes. Wannan hoto kwayoyin karkashin madubin ne bifidobacteria. Suna taimaka mana mu nike abinci, kare da pathogens, samar da amino acid. Our gastrointestinal kwayoyin ne musamman da amfani. Duk da haka, kawai dai su lambar shi ne tsananin daidaita. Da zaran wani kwayoyin zama fiye da zama dole, mutum yana da dama cututtuka, daga dysbiosis zuwa ciki ulcers.

Don zama da amfani, kuma suna lactic acid kwayoyin cuta, "masana'antu" yogurt gare mu, cuku, yogurt. Kwayoyin cutar da kuma amfani a yi na ruwan inabi, yisti, muhalli herbicides, takin zamani da dai sauransu.

Our munin qiyayya

Bugu da kari a cikin "mai kyau" kwayoyin cuta, akwai wata babbar rundunar "bad" - pathogenic. Wadannan sun hada da Yersinia pestis, da kwayoyin diphtheria, syphilis, da tarin fuka, ciwon daji da kuma sauransu. "Bad" microbes kewaye da mu iyaka. Su ne a ko'ina, amma musamman mai yawa daga gare su, a wuraren da jama'a - a kan iyawa a jama'a kai, a kan kudi, a jama'a toilets. Germs a kan hannuwanku karkashin madubin, idan muka dubi su, bayan ya dawo daga shagon, kamar jiha da. Saboda haka, hannun kamata a wanke akai-akai, amma ba tare da tsantseni. Yi amfani da antibacterial jamiái ne a ke so, kamar yadda take kaiwa zuwa rashin ruwa da fata da kuma raunana na rigakafi da tsarin.

The m gaban dalili da kuma germs a kan hakora a karkashin wani hange. Sun zo mana a cikin bakinka da abinci, sumbatan, yayin da numfashi. Yadda yawa daga gare su a cikin bakinka, yana da wuya a gaya, idan kawai ga buroshin hakori iya count zuwa miliyan 100 parasites. Musamman idan buroshin hakori an aje su a cikin dakin da bayan gida. Microbes a cikin bakinka ne originators na caries, periodontal cuta, cutar. Aiki iya hana su na yau da kullum tsaftacewa da hakora da kuma harshe, da kuma bayan kowane ci abinci - antibacterial mouthwash shirye-shirye.