Kimberlite lu'u-lu'u bututu - mafi girma a bude rami lu'u-lu'u hakar ma'adinai. A farko kimberlite bututu

Kimberlite bututu ne a tsaye ko kusa da irin wannan yanki jiki, wanda aka kafa ta hutu, ta hanyar da ɓawon burodi gas. Wannan al'amudin ne halin da gaske gigantic girma. Kimberlite bututu yana da wani siffar da yayi kama wata babbar karas ko wani gilashi. A na sama na shi - yana da wata katuwar kumbura conical siffar, amma tare da zurfin da shi ne a hankali quntata kuma a karshe yake shiga wata jijiya. A gaskiya ma, wani yanki jiki ne irin wani tsoho mai aman wuta, a ƙasa da abin da aka fi mayar halaka saboda yashewa tafiyar matakai.

Mene ne kimberlite?

Wannan abu ne mai dutse, wanda ya ƙunshi phlogopite, pyrope, olivine da sauran ma'adanai. Kimberlite daban-daban baki tare da greenish da bluish tint. A lokacin, akwai fiye da dubu gawawwakin ya ce abu, goma bisa dari na wanda ya kasance a cikin lu'u-lu'u samuwar. Masana sun ce cewa game da 90% na dukkan hannun jari na lu'u-lu'u kafofin sun mayar da hankali a kimberlite bututu, da kuma sauran 10% - a lamproite.

Wasanin gwada ilimi da alaka da asalin na Diamonds

Duk da yawa karatu a fagen lu'u-lu'u adibas, zamani masana kimiyya har yanzu suna iya bayyana wasu daga cikin siffofin da dangantaka da asalin da kuma wanzuwar wadannan duwatsu masu daraja.

Tatsuniya daya: me ya sa kimberlite bututu aka located gaba ɗaya a zamanin d dandamali da kuma garkuwoyi, wanda su ne mafi barga, kuma resilient tubalan na ɓawon burodi? Saboda kauri daga wadannan yadudduka ne kilomita 40 kankara kunshi basalt, dutse, da sauransu. Abin da aka ma da ake bukata ikon yin irin wannan nasara?! Me kimberlite bututu karya ne mai iko dandali, da kuma wani fiye da wani bakin ciki, misali, a cikin tẽku bene, da kauri daga wanda yake shi ne kawai goma kilomita, ko mika mulki zones - a kan iyakokin teku da nahiyoyi? Bayan duk, a cikin wadannan yankunan suna daruruwan na aiki volcanoes ... Don amsa wannan tambaya, geologists ba su iya.

Wani asiri ne m kimberlite bututu siffar. A gaskiya, shi ba ya yi kama da wani bututu, amma m - a kan gilashin for shampen: wata babbar mazugi a kan wani bakin ciki zangarniya, wanda ke shiga zurfin.

Uku asiri ya shafi m siffofin ma'adanai a cikin irin wannan rawa. All ma'adanai cewa crystallize a wani zubi magma samar da wata fili kaifi lu'ulu'u. Misalai na iya zama apatite, zircon, olivine, garnet, ilmenite. Suna yadu rarraba a kimberlites, amma shi ba shi da da crystal fuskoki da kuma tunatar da kogin pebbles. Duk yunkurin geologists sami amsar wannan tatsuniya, kuma bã zuwa ga wani wadãtar. Duk da haka, Diamonds da suke kusa da ce ma'adanai, da wani manufa nau'i na octahedrons, wanda aka halin da kaifafan gefuna.

Yadda za a kira na farko kimberlite bututu

A farko daga cikin wadannan ma'aunan kasa jikin da aka samu da kuma ƙware da mutane, aka located a kudancin nahiyar Afrika, a Kimberley lardin. Sunan da ke yankin ya zama wani gidan sunan ga dukan irin wannan da jikin, kazalika da dutse dauke da Diamonds. Wannan na farko bututu da ake kira "Big Hole", an dauke mafi girma sana'arsu cewa mutane sun ci gaba ba tare da yin amfani da fasahar. A halin yanzu, ya ya m kanta da kuma shi ne babban janye daga birnin. Daga 1866 zuwa 1914, na farko kimberlite bututu ya 2722mkg lu'u-lu'u developers, wakiltar 14.5 miliyan carats. A quarry ma'aikata game da 50 dubu mutane, wanda ake yin amfani da manyan cokula, da na zaba cirewa game 22.5 ton miliyan na gona. Yankin raya ne 17 kadada, ta kewaye - 1,6 km da nisa - 463 m Zurfin quarry ya 240 mita, amma bayan hakar aka cika gangue .. A halin yanzu, "Big Hole" shi ne wani wucin gadi lake tare da zurfin kawai 40 mita.

The most bude rami lu'u-lu'u hako ma'adinai

Diamond hakar ma'adinai ya fara a Rasha a tsakiyar karni na karshe tare da bude a 1954 da ajiya "Summer walƙiya" a kan kogin Viluy, wanda amounted zuwa 32 kadada. A shekara daga baya na biyu kimberlite lu'u-lu'u bututu da aka samu a Yakutia, ta mai suna "Peace". Around wannan filin girma a cikin garin Mirny. Don kwanan wata magana kimberlite bututu (photos za ta taimaka wa mai karatu ya yi tunanin da ƙẽtare haddi da lu'u-lu'u ajiya) yana dauke da most a duniya. aiki zurfin ne 525 mita, da kuma diamita - 1,2 km. bude-rami lu'u-lu'u hakar ma'adinai da aka daina amfani da a shekarar 2004. A halin yanzu, da gina karkashin kasa nawa ne underway aiki daga sauran reserves, wanda sako ne bude hanyar da aka kawo hadari da kuma marasa amfani baki ɗaya. A cewar kwararru, da ci gaba da dauki shambura zai šauki akalla wata shekaru 30.

A tarihin na "Mir" kimberlite bututu

Ci gaban da filin da aka za'ayi a cikin matsananci yanayin damina. Domin karya ta permafrost, na yi busa up dũtsen da Dynamite. Tuni a cikin 60s na karshe karni nawa ba 2 kg na Diamonds a kowace shekara, tare da kashi 20 cikin dari na su corresponded dutse mai daraja ingancin yanka da kuma bayan shigar da kayan ado Stores kamar lu'u lu'u. Sauran ana amfani ga masana'antu dalilai. Daga shekarar 1957 zuwa 2001, a cikin aiki na "Mir" mined Diamonds, jimlar kudin da wanda amounted zuwa $ 17 biliyan. A wannan lokacin da rami widened haka da cewa kayan da kai dole wuce kilomita 8 daga surface zuwa kasa daga cikin karkace hanya. Jirage masu saukar ungulu da aka ma tsananin haramta wa tashi a kan abu, kamar a sararin bakin dutse kawai tsotsa duk da jirgin sama. Tall ganuwar aiki a matsayin mai hadarin gaske ga ƙasar kai, da kuma mutane aiki a cikin hakar: akwai wani hadarin mugun kaye. Yau, masana kimiyya suna tasowa aiyukan-gari aikin, wanda ya kamata a located in a quarry. Domin wannan rami da aka shirya ya rufe tare da wani translucent Dome, wanda zai shigar hasken rana bangarori. A sarari na gaba birni da tsare-tsaren raba cikin tiers: saman - to da mai rai yanki, da talakawan - don ƙirƙirar wani wurin shakatawa yankin, da kuma ƙananan zai zama m.

ƙarshe

Diamond hakar ma'adinai yana da dogon tarihi. Kamar yadda sabon binciken da depletion na tabbatar da shugabanci, haƙĩƙa, sun shige farko daga Indiya zuwa Brazil, sa'an nan - Afrika ta Kudu. A lokacin da shi bautar wani abu matsayi a Botswana, na biyu wuri - Rasha.