Kasashen Kurilun Kudancin: Tarihi, Haɗin kai

A sarkar na tsibiran tsakanin Kamchatka da Hokkaido, da convex baka mikewa tsakanin Tekun Okhotsk da tekun Pacific, a kan iyakar Rasha da kuma Japan ne Kudu Kuril Islands - wani rukuni na Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir da Iturup. Wadannan yankunan suna kalubalanci ta mu da makwabta, wanda ko da a hada su a cikin Japan prefecture na Hokkaido. Saboda wadannan yankunan su ne al'amurran tattalin arziki da kuma dabarun muhimmancin, da yaki domin Kudancin Kuril Islands ci gaba tsawon shekaru da dama.

labarin kasa

Shikotan tsibirin ne a kan wannan latitud matsayin birnin na Sochi ne subtropical, kuma mafi m - a latitud na Anapa. Duk da haka, da sauyin yanayi na sama can ya ba ta kasance, kuma ba a sa ran. Kudu Kuril Islands ya ko da yaushe mallakar Far Arewa, amma ba zai iya yi kuka mai tsanani Arctic sauyin yanayi. Ga winters ne sosai milder, warmer lokacin bazaar ba zafi sosai. Wannan zazzabi, idan a watan Fabrairu - coldest wata - ya nuna ma'aunin zafi da sanyio da wuya a kasa -5 digiri Celsius, ko high zafi teku jihar deprives wani mummunan tasiri. Monsoon nahiyar sauyin yanayi da aka muhimmanci canza kamar kusa gaban Pacific raunana wani tasiri ba kasa kusa Arctic. Idan arewacin Kuril Islands a lokacin rani na 10, a kan talakawan, da ta Kudu Kuril Islands ne kullum warmed har zuwa +18. Sochi ne ba, ba shakka, amma ba Anadyr.

Ensimatic baka tsibirin dake a gefen farantin Okhotsk sama subduction zone inda Pacific farantin ƙare. Domin mafi ɓangare na Kudu Kuril Islands aka rufe da duwãtsu, a tsibirin Atlasova girma ganiya - fiye da dubu biyu mita. Akwai volcanoes, saboda duk Kurile Islands karya a cikin Pacific volcanic zobe na wuta. Akwai sosai high da girgizar kasa aiki. Talatin da shida daga cikin sittin aiki volcanoes a Kuril Islands ne guda takwas bukatar m kallo. Girgizar asa ne kusan akai, sa'an nan ya zo da hatsarin duniya most tsunami. Saboda haka, Shikotan, Simushir Paramushiro akai-akai da kuma mai tsanani shafi da wannan bala'i. Musamman manyan tsunami sun kasance a shekara ta 1952, 1994 da kuma 2006.

Resources, Flora

A jihar bakin teku sashi, kuma a cikin ƙasa daga cikin tsibiran da kansu suke bincika reserves na mai, iskar gas, Mercury, wata babbar lamba na ba-ferrous karafa. Alal misali, a kusa da aman wuta Alamar yana duniya arziki a san adibas na rhenium. Tazhe kudancin Kuril tsibirin shahara ne don hakar ma'adinai na 'yan qasar sulfur. A nan, janar zinariya albarkatun - 1867 ton, da kuma azurfa, da yawa - 9284 ton, titanium kusan arba'in ton miliyan, da baƙin ƙarfe - ɗari biyu da saba'in da uku da miliyan tons. Yanzu ci gaban da albarkatun ma'adinai jiran mafi sau, sun kasance ma 'yan a yankin, sai domin wani wuri kamar Kudancin Sakhalin. Kuril Islands a general za a iya gani a matsayin hanya ma'ajiya kasar domin wani ruwa rana. Biyu kawai daga cikin Straits na Kuril Islands ne navigable duk shekara zagaye, saboda shi ba ya daskare. Wannan tsibirin na Kudu Kuril - Urup, Kunashir, Iturup, da kuma tsakanin su - Straits Catherine Vries.

Bayan ma'adanai, akwai mutane da yawa da sauran albarkatun da ciki da mutãne gabã ɗaya. Wannan Flora da fauna da Kuril Islands. Yana dabam ƙwarai daga arewa zuwa kudu, kamar yadda su tsawon shi ne babban isa. A arewa na Kuril Islands ne quite sparse ciyayi, kuma a kudu - coniferous gandun daji mai ban Sakhalin fir, Kurile larch, spruce Ajan. Bugu da kari, kuma m-Leaved itatuwa a tsibirin rufe da duwatsu da tuddai shiga sosai rayayye: Alamar oak, Elm da Maple itatuwa, inabõbi kalopanax, hydrangeas, Actinidia, lemongrass, inabin jeji, kuma yafi. Ko Magnolia a kan Kushanire akwai - kadai daji iri obovate Magnolia. Mai sassan shuke-shuke Popular Kudu Kuril Islands (wuri mai faɗi da photo a haɗe) - a Kuril bamboo, wanda impenetrable thickets boye daga idanu na gangara daga duwãtsu, kuma gandun daji gefuna. Grass a nan saboda m da kuma gumi sauyin yanayi ne sosai high da bambance bambancen. A yawa na berries cewa za a iya cirewa a kan wani ciniki sikelin: lingonberry, crowberry, honeysuckle, blueberries, kuma da yawa wasu.

Dabbobi, da tsuntsaye da kifi

A Kuril Islands (musamman daban-daban a cikin wannan girmamawa arewacin) da launin ruwan kasa bear wajen guda kamar yadda a Kamchatka. A kudu, zai zama kamar yadda da yawa, idan ba a gare gaban Rasha sansanin soja. A tsibirin ne kananan, beyar gaba da roka a hankali zuwa rayuwa. Amma musamman a kudu yawa Foxes, saboda gare su akwai sosai feed. Kananan hakori - wata babbar lamba da kuma iri-iri iri, akwai kuma sosai rare. Daga ƙasar dabbobi masu shayarwa a nan ne hudu detachment: jemagu (ruwan kasa dogon-eared jemage, Myotis), zomaye, beraye kuma berayen, da yara (Foxes, beyar, ko da yake akwai 'yan, mink da Sable).

Na marine dabbobi masu shayarwa a ga ~ ar ruwan tsibirin live teku otters, Anthurium (a irin insular hatimi), teku zakuna da tẽku maraƙi. A kadan nisa daga tekun akwai yalwa da cetaceans - dabbobin ruwa, kisa Whales, Whales, Whales, maniyyi Whales da arewacin floaters. Taru na eared like, teku zakuna ne kiyaye a kusa da bakin tekun na Kuril Islands, musamman mai yawa daga gare su, a kan Iturup Island. A kakar za ka iya ganin mazauna na Jawo like, bearded like, ringed like, impellers. ado na marine rayuwa - teku otters. Precious Jawo ya kan gab da nau'i nau'i a cikin sosai kwanan nan baya. Yanzu halin da ake ciki ne a hankali masu hada kai tare da otters. Kifi a ga ~ ar ruwan ne na tattalin arziki muhimmanci, amma akwai fiye da crabs, kuma clams, kuma squid, da kuma teku cucumbers, duk crustaceans, tsiren ruwan teku. A jama'ar na Kudu Kuril Islands ne yafi shagaltar da cin abincin teku samar. A general, wannan wuri za a iya kira ba tare da ƙari daya daga cikin mafi m yankunan a cikin tekuna.

Mulkin mallaka tsuntsaye dokoki da sararin da kuma wasan kwaikwayo rookeries. Yana fulmars, petrels, cormorants, daban-daban gulls, kittiwake, guillemot, deadlocks, da kuma da yawa, mutane da yawa more. Mutane da yawa a nan, kuma da Red Littãfi, rare - albatrosses da petrels, Mandarin duck, ungulu, gaggafa, da gaggafa, peregrine shaho, Merlin, ja-lashe cranes da snipe, owls. Overwinter a Kuriles daga duck - mallard, teal, litattafan Gogol, Swans, mergansers, teku gaggafa. Hakika, da yawa daga talakawa da kuma sparrows da cuckoos. Kawai a kan Iturup fiye da ɗari biyu jinsunan tsuntsaye, wanda ɗaya da ɗari - nesting. A Kuril ajiye rayuwa tamanin da hudu jinsunan daga jera a cikin Red Littãfi.

Tarihi: goma sha bakwai karni

Kuril Islands shawarwari bai bayyana jiya. Kafin zuwa na Japan da kuma Rasha Ainu mu zauna a nan, wanda sun hadu sabon mutane da kalmar "Kuru", wanda nufi da cewa - mutane. Rasha tsince wata kalma, da su ci mutumci da kuma kira mazauni "Kuriles". Saboda haka sunan dukan tarin tsiburai. A Japan sanya farko taswirar Sakhalin da Kuriles duk. Wannan ya faru a shekarar 1644. Duk da haka, da Kuril Islands muhawara tashi har sai, saboda shekara da sauran maps na yankin da aka sanya ta Dutch, jagorancin de Vries.

Duniya da aka bayyana. Amma shi ne ba daidai ba. Freese, sunan da aka ba su gano ta matsatsiyar, Iturup dangana ga arewa maso gabashin Hokkaido, kuma Urup dauke ɓangare na Arewacin Amirka. A Urup shi aka shigar giciye, kuma wannan ƙasa duka da aka ayyana da dukiyar da Netherlands. A Rasha zo nan a 1646 tare da balaguro na Ivan Moskvitina, kuma Cossack Kolobov da funny sunan Nekhoroshkov Ivanovic daga baya gaya colorfully game da bearded Ainu rai a cikin tsibirin. Next, kadan mafi m bayanai zo daga Kamchatka balaguro Vladimir Atlasova a 1697.

karni na sha takwas

A tarihin ta Kudu Kuril Islands ya ce a gaske Rasha ya zo da waɗannan ƙasashe, a 1711. Kamchatka Cossacks tayar, kashe bosses, sa'an nan tunani mafi alhẽri daga gare shi, kuma ya yanke shawarar sami ladan aikin gafara ko halaka. Saboda haka balaguro taru don tafiya cikin sabon uncharted asashe. Daniel da kuma Ivan Antsiferov Kozyrevsky tare da wani detachment a watan Agusta 1711 komai a fili a arewacin tsibiran da Paramushir Shumshu. Wannan balaguro bayar sabon ilmi game da dukan kunya daga cikin tsibiran ciki har da Hokkaido. A wannan batun, a 1719-m Peter Mai girma da umarnin a bincike Ivanu Evreinovu da Fedor Luzhin, ta hanyar kokarin da cikkaken kewayon tsibiran wanda aka ayyana Rasha ƙasa, ciki har da tsibirin Simushir. Amma da Ainu, ba shakka, ku yi ɗã'ã, kuma ku karkashin mulkin na Rasha tsar ba ya so ya. Kawai a 1778 Antipin da Shabalin rinjayi Kuril kabilu da kuma dan kasa na Rasha ya wuce dubu biyu mutane da Iturup, Kunashir kuma ko da Hokkaido. Kuma a cikin 1779th Catherine II bayar da umarni a saki dukkan sabon gabashin batutuwa daga duk wani haraji. Har ma sai da Japan rikici ya fara. Su ma dakatar daga halartar Rasha Kunashir, Iturup da Hokkaido.

Real iko a Rasha Akwai ba, amma lists aka kõma har ƙasa. Kuma Hokkaido duk da ciwon a cikin ƙasa da Japan birni da aka rubuta kamar yadda na Rasha. A Japan sun kuma kasance a kan m Kurils suna da yawa, kuma sau da yawa, ga wanda ke yankin ƙi su dama. Yunƙurin ba sosai ba da ƙarfi ga Ainu, amma kadan cutar da invaders: jirgin ruwan tsufana, outpost ƙone. A 1799, da Japan sun kasance cikin kariya daga Iturup da Kunashir aka shirya. Ko da yake Rasha masunta zauna a can wani lokaci da suka wuce - game da shekaru 1785-87, - da Japan su crudely tambaye su bar tsibirin kuma hallaka dukan shaidar Rasha gaban a wannan ƙasa. A tarihin ta Kudu Kuril Islands da aka riga aka fara samun rikici, amma babu wanda ya san a lokacin yadda zai zama dogon-guje. Domin na farko shekara saba'in - har sai 1778 - Rasha da Japan ba su ma hadu a Kuriles. A taron ya faru a Hokkaido, wanda a lokacin da aka ba tukuna nasara da Japan. A Japan zo don kasuwanci da Ainu, kuma a nan ne Rasha kifi kama. Hakika, da samurai fusãtarwa, fara girgiza da makami. Catherine aika diflomasiyya manufa ga Japan, amma tattaunawar da aka riga m.

Karni na sha tara - cikin karni na asasshe

A 1805, cinikin tattaunawar ta ci gaba da kokarin da sanannen Nikolai Rezanov, wanda ya iso Nagasaki da kasa. Iya tsayawa ba da kunya, ya samu izini kwanoni guda biyu don yin soja balaguro zuwa Kudancin Kuril Islands - jayayya yankuna kan gungumen azaba. A sakamakon haka ne mai kyau fansa domin lalata Rasha masana'antu, hadayu tasoshin da kuma fitar da (wadanda suka tsira) masunta ne. A yawan Japan masana'antu da aka halaka ta, ya ƙone a kauyen a kan Iturup. Rasha-Japanese dangantakar sun zo na karshe pre-yaki fuska.

Kawai a cikin 1855 da aka yi da farko real delineation na yankuna. Northern Islands - Rasha, ta Kudu - Japan. Plus hadin gwiwa Sakhalin. Abin tausayi shi ne ya ba da arziki kamun kifi na ta Kudu Kuril Islands, Kunashir - musamman. Etorofu, Habomai da Shikotan kuma zama Japan. Kuma a cikin 1875, Rasha ta lashe dama ga m mallaki Sakhalin ga cession dukkan, ba tare da togiya, Japan, da Kuril Islands.

A karni na ashirin: shan kashi da kuma nasara

A Rasha-Japanese War a 1905 Rasha, duk da motsa jiki na heroism cancantar songs Cruisers da gunboats a wani zalunci yaƙi, ya ci, rasa tare da yaki da rabin Sakhalin - kudu, mafi muhimmanci. Amma a watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1945, a lokacin da nasara a kan Nazi Jamus da aka riga aka qaddara, Tarayyar Soviet sanya shi a yanayin da Burtaniya da kuma Amurka, zai lashe, da kuma Japan, idan mun koma cikin ƙasa mallakar Rasha: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, da Kuril Islands. Masõya wa'adi da shi, kuma a watan Yuli na shekarar 1945 Tarayyar Soviet ta tabbatar da sadaukar. Tuni a farkon watan Satumba, da Kuril Islands aka cikakken shagaltar da Soviet sojojin. Kuma a watan Fabrairu 1946, ya bayar da umarni a kan samuwar da ta Kudu Sakhalin yankin, wanda ya hada da Kuril Islands da kuma a cike, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Khabarovsk Abuja. Saboda haka akwai dawowar ta Kudu Sakhalin da Kuril Islands Rasha.

Japan da aka tilasta su sa hannu a yarjejeniya a shekarar 1951, wanda ya bayyana cewa, shi ba a yi nufin da kuma ba za a mai suna zuwa, da mutuncinsu, da sunayen sarauta da kuma da'awar da girmamawa ga Kuril Islands. Kuma a cikin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet da Japan a shirye yake shiga cikin Moscow jawabi, wanda ya tabbatar da karshen yaki tsakanin jihohi. A matsayin wata alama na ƙauna Tarayyar Soviet amince da canja wurin Japan ta biyu tsibiran Kuriles: Shikotan da Habomai, amma Japan ya ki yarda su ga dalilin cewa su ne da'awar a kan wasu kudancin tsibirin - Iturup da Kunashir - kada ku daina. Ga kuma da wani tasiri a kan United States ga gurgunta halin da ake ciki, a lokacin da barazana a cikin hali na sayi wannan daftarin aiki ne ba don dawo da Japan tsibirin Okinawa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa har yanzu da ta Kudu Kuril Islands - jayayya yankuna.

A Age yau, na ashirin da daya

Yau, matsalar da ta Kudu Kuril Islands har yanzu suna dacewa, duk da cewa da dogon-tsaye lumana da kuma serene rayuwa a cikin dukan yankin. Tare da Japan Rasha na musanyar taimakekkeniya rayayye isa, amma daga lokaci zuwa lokaci magana game da Kuril Islands kaya yakan. A 2003 ya aka karɓa Rasha-Japanese Action Plan kan hadin gwiwa a tsakanin kasashen biyu. Shugabanni da firaministoci ziyarci juna, kafa da yawa al'ummomin Rasha-Japanese aminci daga bangarori daban-daban. Duk da haka, kullum duk wannan da'awar an gabatar da Japan, amma ba a karɓa Rasha.

League na nuna goyon baya ga sama da yankuna - a tawagar daga NGO, rare a Japan, tun kasance a 2006 a Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. A shekarar 2012, duk da haka, Japan ya soke kalmar "ba bisa doka ba zama" dangane da Rasha a batutuwa da suka shafi da Kuril Islands da Sakhalin. Kuma a cikin Kuril Islands ci gaban da albarkatun da tarayya shirin na raya kasa na yankin, kara adadin kudade, akwai aka kafa shiyyar tare da haraji da taimako, tsibirin da ake ziyarci ta qarshe, jami'an gwamnati na kasar.

kayayyakin more rayuwa matsala

Yaya za ka iya ba yarda da takardun sa hannu a cikin Fabrairu 1945 Yalta, inda taron na halartar kasashen da anti-Hitler kawance yanke shawarar da rabo daga cikin Kuril Islands da Sakhalin, wanda zai dawo zuwa Rasha nan da nan bayan da nasara a kan Japan? Kuma Japan bai sanya hannu da Potsdam jawabi bayan shiga da take hali na sallama? Sa hannu bayan duk. Kuma akwai fili bayyana cewa mulkin da aka iyakance zuwa tsibirin Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku da Honshu. Duk abin! Biyu Satumba 1945 Wannan daftarin aiki da aka sanya hannu da Japan, haka kuma yanayin akwai abin nufi shine, da aka tabbatar.

Kuma ta takwas Satumba 1951 a yarjejeniya a San Francisco aka sanya hannu, inda ta ke rubuce-rubuce barranta duk da'awar da Kuril Islands da Sakhalin tsibirin ga m tsibirin. Wannan yana nufin cewa ta mulkin kan wadannan yankuna, samu bayan 1905 Rasha-Japanese yaki, ta daina aiki. Ko da yake a nan cikin Amurka amsa sosai amana, ya kara da sosai tricky magana, saboda abin da Tarayyar Soviet, Poland, Czechoslovakia da yarjejeniyar da aka ba sa hannu. Wannan kasa ne, kamar yadda ko da yaushe, da kalmar ba a kiyaye, kamar yadda akwai ko da yaushe magana a cikin yanayin da 'yan siyasa' a ', amma wasu daga cikin wadannan amsoshi za su nufi - "babu." Amurka bar wani loophole a cikin yarjejeniyar Japan, wadda aka dan kadan suka lashe rauni da kuma sakewa, sosai ya faru, takarda cranes bayan nukiliya bom, ya sake farfaɗo da siffantawa.

muhawara

Sun kasance kamar haka:

1. A cikin 1855, da yarjejeniyar da Shimoda Kuriles yi wa kakanninmu domains na Japan.

2. The hukuma matsayi na Japan ne cewa Chishima tsibiran ba na kunshe a cikin Kuril sarkar, sai Japan ta ba watsi da su, suka sanya hannu kan kwangila a San Francisco.

3. A Tarayyar Soviet ba sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a San Francisco.

Saboda haka Japan ta yankin da'awar an gabatar da Kudancin Kuril tsibirin na Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir da Iturup, wanda jimlar yanki ne 5175 murabba'in kilomita, da kuma abin da ake kira arewacin yankunan, na zuwa kasar Japan. A bambanci zuwa Rasha ce a kan batu na farko da cewa Rasha-Japanese yaki soke yarjejeniyar da Shimoda, a kan batu na biyu - da Japan sanya hannu a da'awarsu, game da karshen yakin, wanda, Inter Alia, ya bayyana cewa, biyu tsibiran - Habomai da Shikotan - Tarayyar Soviet ya shirya biya bayan rattaba hannu a yarjejeniya da su. A cikin uku ma'ana Rasha yarda: a, Tarayyar Soviet bai shiga cikin takarda tare da m kyautatuwa. Amma kasar kamar yadda irin wannan ba yanzu, don haka da cewa mu kula game da.

A cikin lokaci tare da Tarayyar Soviet magana game da yankin da'awar zai kai ko ta yaya m, amma a lokacin da shi rushe, Japan da ƙarfin hali da. Duk da haka, a fili, da kuma yanzu da waɗannan proclivities a banza. Ko da yake a shekarar 2004 da ministan harkokin wajen kasar, ya ce ya amince da magana game da yankunan da Japan, duk da haka, abu daya ne bayyananne: babu canji a cikin Kuril Islands ba zai iya faruwa.