Juyin halitta akan burbushin halitta shaida. A tarihin rayuwar Duniya

Koyar game da Juyin Halitta ne rigima. Wasu yi imani da cewa Allah ya halicci duniya. Wasu jayayya da su, yana mai cewa Darwin yake daidai. Sun buga yawa hujjoji na ci gaba akan burbushin halitta wanda mafi karfi da goyon bayan ka'idar.

Ragowar dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, ayan decompose, sa'an nan bace ba tare da wata alama. Duk da haka, wani lokacin ma'adanai musanya nazarin halittu nama, sakamakon samuwar halittu. Masana kimiyya fiye samu burbushin bawo ko kasũsuwa, ashe, da cewa shi ne, da skeletons, da wuya sassa na kwayoyin. Wani lokaci su sami burbushi na dabba sharar gida, ko su burbushi na zanan yatsu. Ko da more wuya iya gane dabbobi gaba ɗaya. An same su a cikin kankara na permafrost da amber (guduro na zamanin d shuke-shuke) ko kwalta (na halitta guduro).

kimiyya binciken burbushin halittu

Palaeontology - da kimiyya da karatu burbushin. Sedimentary kankara yawanci ajiye yadudduka, saboda abin da zurfi yadudduka dauke da bayani game da baya daga wannan duniya tamu (superposition manufa). Masana kimiyya suna iya sanin ko dangi shekaru daban-daban burbushin, cewa shi ne su fahimci abin da irin kwayoyin rayu a duniya kafin, da kuma wanda daga baya. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu su kusantar da karshe game da shugabanci na juyin halitta.

The daftarin burbushin

Idan muka dubi cikin daftarin burbushin halittu, mun ga cewa rayuwa a wannan duniyar tamu da yawa canja, wani lokacin bayan fitarwa. Da farko protozoa (prokaryotes), ba shi da wani salon salula tsakiya tashi a Duniya game da biliyan 3.5 da suka wuce. Game da 1,75 biliyan shekaru da suka wuce, akwai guda-celled eukaryotes. Bayan wani biliyan shekaru, game da 635 miliyan shekaru da suka wuce, kwayar dabbobi ya bayyana, da farko na wanda ya zama wani soso. Bayan 'yan mafi dubun miliyoyin shekaru, da farko clams da tsutsotsi da aka samu. Bayan miliyan 15 bayan shekaru da akwai m vertabrate lampreys kama zamani. Around 410 da miliyan da suka wuce a can jawed kifi, da kuma kwari - game da miliyan 400 da suka wuce.

Kan gaba 100 Myr yafi ferns rufe ƙasar, wanda aka lugar halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da kuma kwari. Tare da 230 na miliyan 65 da suka wuce, dinosaur mamaye duniya, da kuma mafi kowa shuke-shuke sun sa'an nan cycads da sauran gymnosperms kungiyar. A kusa da mu lokaci, da girma da kamance kiyaye tsakanin m Fauna da Flora, ta zamani. Wannan hoto ya tabbatar da ka'idar juyin halitta. Sauran kimiyya bayani ta na da ba.

Akwai daban-daban akan burbushin halitta shaida ga juyin halitta. Daya daga cikinsu - ƙara KIYASTA zama iyalai da danginsu.

Kara longevity na iyalai da kuma danginsu

A cewar samuwa data, fiye da 99% na dukkan jinsunan halittu ne da suka rayu har abada a duniya - yana da dadadden jinsin cewa bai tsira ga lokaci. Masana kimiyya sun bayyana game da 250 da dubu. Burbushin, kowanne daga abin da aka samu musamman a cikin daya ko fiye m yadudduka. Kuna hukunta daga data samu ta hanyar kimiyya, kowane daga cikinsu akwai game da 2-3 shekaru miliyan, amma wasu da yawa ƙara ko da yawa kasa.

The adadin m danginsu aka bayyana da masana kimiyya, shi ne game da 60 dubu, kuma iyalan - 7000. Kowane iyali da kuma kowace iyali, bi da bi, yana da kyau-tsare wurare dabam dabam. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa haihuwa gida da dama, miliyoyin shekaru. Amma ga iyalansu, lokacin da suka zama shi ne kiyasta dubun ko ma daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru.

Analysis na bincike akan burbushin halitta data nuna cewa a baya 550 shekaru miliyan, tsowon lokacin da wanzuwar iyalai da kuma danginsu ya girma sosai a hannunsu. Wannan na iya da kyau bayyana ka'idar juyin halitta: sannu a hankali tara a cikin biosphere mafi "Hardy" barga rukuni na kwayoyin. Su ne m iya tafi dadaddun kamar yadda mafi resistant zuwa muhalli canje-canje.

Akwai sauran shaida juyin halitta (binciken burbushin halittu). Burbushi da rarraba kwayoyin, masana kimiyya da ban sha'awa sosai bayanai.

rarraba kwayoyin

Rarraba mutum kungiyoyin na masu rai, kazalika da dukan daga gare su, sa ɗaya, kuma ya tabbatar da juyin halitta. Kawai ka'idar Darwin zai iya bayyana su shiri a duniya. Alal misali, kusan duk wani rukuni na Burbushin da aka samu "evlolyutsionnye darajõji." Don haka ya kira kari canje-canje lura a cikin tsarin kwayoyin, wanda a hankali ya maye gurbin juna. Wadannan canje-canje sau da yawa ze nufin, a wasu lokuta ba za mu iya magana game da fiye ko žasa da bazuwar hawa da sauka.

A gaban tsaka-tsakin

Da yawa akan burbushin halitta shaida ga juyin halitta sun hada da wanzuwar tsaka-tsaki (tsaka) siffofin kwayoyin. Irin kwayoyin hada siffofin daban-daban jinsunan ko danginsu, iyalai da sauransu. D. jawabi na tsaka-tsakin yanayi, kamar yadda mai mulkin, unsa m. Duk da haka, wannan ba ya nufin cewa matsakaici jinsunan dole mutu fita. Ka'idar juyin halitta dangane da gina wani phylogenetic itace predicts wanda na tsaka-tsakin yanayi gaske wanzu (da haka za a iya gano), da kuma abin da - babu.

A halin yanzu, da dama daga cikin wadannan tsinkaya sun zo gaskiya. Ga misali, da sanin tsarin da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe, masu bincike za su iya sanin ko fasali na wani tsaka-tsakin tsari tsakanin su. Yana yiwuwa a sami ragowar dabbobi, kama da dabbobi ne masu rarrafe, amma da ciwon fuka-fuki. ko kamar tsuntsu, amma tare da dogon wutsiyoyi, ko hakora. Kamar haka yana yiwuwa a hango ko hasashen cewa cigaban yanayi tsakanin dabbobi masu shayarwa, da tsuntsaye, ba za a gano. Alal misali, ba wanzu dabbobi masu shayarwa da gashinsa. ko kamar tsuntsaye daga kwayoyin da tsakiyar kunne ƙasũsuwa (wannan shi ne halayyar dabbobi masu shayarwa).

A gano Archeopteryx

By akan burbushin halitta shaida ga juyin halitta sun hada da wani yawan sha'awa binciken. A farko Archeopteryx kwarangwal memba na jinsin da aka gano a wani wuri kwanan bayan buga Charles Darwin ta aikin "The Origin of Species." Wannan aiki na samar da msar tambayar hujja da juyin halittar dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke. Archeopteryx ne wani nau'i tsaka-tsaki tsakanin dabbobi masu rarrafe da tsuntsaye. Su launin gashi shi da aka ɓullo da, wanda shi ne na hali, da tsuntsãye. Duk da haka, da kwarangwal tsarin da dabba ne kusan babu daban-daban daga dinosaur. Archeopteryx da dogon fitar kasusuwan jikinsu wutsiya, hakora, a kan ta gaban wata gabar jiki sun fika. Amma siffofin da kwarangwal halayyar tsuntsaye, ya ba da su yawa (wishbone, a kan gefuna - kamu spines). Daga baya, masana kimiyya sun samu wasu siffofin, tsaka-tsaki tsakanin dabbobi masu rarrafe da tsuntsaye.

Ganowa da farko mutum kwarangwal

By akan burbushin halitta shaida ga juyin halitta sun hada da ganewa da kuma a 1856 na farko mutum kwarangwal. Wannan taron ya faru a cikin shekaru 3 kafin littafin na "The Origin of Species." Masana kimiyya bai san littafi zuwa wasu burbushin fitarwa batu, wanda zai iya tabbatar da cewa kananan gwaggwon biri da kuma mutane suna gangarowa daga magabata. Tun daga nan burbushin halittu sun gano wani babban yawan skeletons kwayoyin ne tsaka-tsakin yanayi tsakanin chimpanzee da mutane. Yana da muhimmanci akan burbushin halitta shaida ga juyin halitta. Misalan wasu daga cikinsu za a gabatar a kasa.

Tsaka-tsakin yanayi tsakanin chimpanzee da mutane

Charles Darwin (ya hoto ne da aka ba a sama), da rashin alheri, bai sani ba game da yawa Finds gano bayan mutuwarsa. Kila, shi zai zama abin sha'awa ga gano cewa abin shaida na kwayoyin juyin halitta tabbatar da ka'idar. A cewar ta, kamar yadda muka sani, muna duk sauko daga birai. Tun da magabata na chimpanzee da mutane tafiya a kan hudu kafafu, da kuma kwakwalwarsa ta size bai wuce girman da biri kwakwalwa, a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta, bisa ga ka'idar, ya zuwa ƙarshe ci gaba tafiya da kafa biyu. Bugu da kari, da girma na cikin kwakwalwa ya ga za ya karu. Saboda haka, dole na zama wani daga cikin uku bambance-bambancen karatu na tsaka-tsakin sifa:

• babbar kwakwalwa, tafiya da kafa biyu undeveloped.
• suka ci gaba tafiya da kafa biyu, girman kwakwalwa kamar yadda chimpanzee.
• tasowa tafiya da kafa biyu, kwakwalwa girma ne wani tsaka-tsaki.

Ragowar Australopithecus

A Afirka, a 1920. ragowar da kwayoyin da aka samu, wanda aka mai suna Australopithecus. Wannan sunan da aka bai wa shi Raymond Dart. Wannan wata hujja juyin halitta. Biology ya tara bayanai a kan wani yawan irin wannan binciken. Daga baya, masana kimiyya sun gano ragowar sauran halittu, ciki har da kunkuru AL 444-2 kuma sanannen Lucy (hoton sama).

Australopithecus zauna a arewaci da gabashin Afirka, daga 4 zuwa miliyan 2 da suka wuce. Suna da wani da ɗan fi girma kwakwalwa girma fiye da wadanda na chimpanzee. A tsarin da pelvic ƙasũsuwa sun kusa adam. Kwanyar a kan tsarin halayyar kafa biyu dabbobi. Wannan za a iya ƙaddara da data kasance rami a occipital kashi cewa ta haɗu da kashin baya canal girman kwanyar kogo. Bugu da ƙari, petrified volcanic ash a Tanzaniya da aka samu "mutum" waƙoƙi da aka bar game da miliyan 3.6 da suka wuce. Australopithecines haka ne biyu tsaka-tsakin tsari na sama iri. Brain da kamar guda a matsayin biri, ya ɓullo da tafiya da kafa biyu.

Ragowar Ardipithecus

Daga baya, masana kimiyya ya gano wani sabon bincike akan burbushin halitta Finds. Daya daga cikinsu - ragowar Ardipithecus, wanda ya rayu game 4.5 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Bayan an yi nazarin kwarangwal dinsa, sun gano cewa, Ardipithecus motsa a ƙasa a kan biyu Hind kafafu, kazalika da hawa itatuwa a duk hudu. Suna da wani talauci ɓullo da tafiya da kafa biyu a kan m jinsunan hominids (Australopithecus da mutane). Ardipithecus iya yi tafiya ba, a tsawon nisa. Su ne tsaka-tsakin sifa tsakanin magabata na chimpanzee da mutane da kuma Australopithecus.

Wurare da dama a shaidun da aka gano juyin halittar mutum. Mun yi magana ne kawai game da wasu daga cikinsu. A kan tushen da bayanai samu, masana kimiyya da wani ra'ayin game da yadda hominids canza a kan lokaci.

A ci gaba da hominids

Ya kamata a lura cewa har yanzu da yawa ba su gamsu da shaida juyin halitta. A tebur da bayanai game da asalin mutum, wanda aka wakilta a cikin kowane makaranta littafi na ilmin halitta, yana mai fatalwa da mutane, haddasa yawa rigingimu. Shin yana yiwuwa a hada da wannan bayani a cikin makaranta manhaja? Yara da ka yi nazarin shaidar juyin halitta? Tebur Bears familiarization hali, fusãtar da waɗanda suka yi ĩmãni da cewa mutum an halitta shi daga Allah. Duk da haka dai, mun gabatar da bayani game da juyin halittar hominids. Ka yi hukunci a kanka yadda za mu bi da shi.

A cikin shakka daga cikin juyin da hominids a farko karkata zuwa ga gaskiya da tafiya aka kafa, da kuma ƙara da su kwakwalwa da aka muhimmanci ƙãra yawa daga baya. Australopithecus, ya rayu shekaru miliyan 4-2 da suka wuce, shi game da 400 cc, kusan kamar biri. Bayan su a cikin nau'i na duniya tamu zaune Homo habilis. Found ƙasusuwansa, wanda shekaru da aka kiyasta ya zama miliyan 2 years old, sami mafi tsoho da dutse don. Aƙalla 500-640 cc ya da girman da kwakwalwa. Daga baya a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta akwai wata aiki mutum. kwakwalwarsa shi ne har yanzu ya fi girma. Its girma ya 700-850 cc. A gaba type, Homo erectus, har ma fiye da kamar wani zamani adam. A cikin kwakwalwa da aka kiyasta 850-1100 cc. Sa'an nan ya zo da irin Heidelberg mutum. Kwakwalwarsa size ya kai 1100-1400 cc. Next zo da kwatanta da kwakwalwa girma na 1200-1900 cm³. Homo sapiens samo asali 200 dubu. Shekaru da suka wuce. An halin kwakwalwa size 1000-1850 cc.

Saboda haka, da muka gabatar da babban shaida daga cikin juyin halitta daga cikin kwayoyin duniya. Yadda za a ba da labari ga wannan bayani, za ka yanke hukunci. A binciken da juyin ya ci gaba da wannan rana. Kila ban sha'awa sabon Finds za a gano a nan gaba. Bayan duk, a halin yanzu da irin wannan kimiyya binciken burbushin halittu da ake rayayye ci gaba. Evidence juyin halitta ya miƙa shi rayayye tattauna biyu da masana kimiyya da kuma ta mutane da nisa daga kimiyya.