A hydrogen bam. Tarihi daga cikin halittar wani makami ne mai iko

A marigayi 30-ies karni na karshe a Turai da dokokin rarrabawa da kuma lalata aka gano sinadari uranium, a hydrogen bam daga category na almarar juya cikin gaskiya. A tarihin ci gaban da makamashin nukiliya ne ban sha'awa da kuma har yanzu shi ne mai ban sha'awa gasar tsakanin kasar kimiyya yuwuwar: Nazi Jamus, Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka. A mafi yawan iko bam, wanda mafarkansu na mallakan wani Jihar wanda yana ba kawai da makamai, amma kuma mai iko na siyasa da kayan aiki. A kasar da cewa yana da ita a cikin ta arsenal, a gaskiya ya zama duka-iko, kuma ya iya shibta da dokoki.

A hydrogen bam na da tarihi na halitta, wanda dogara ne a kan dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, wato Fusion tsari. Da farko an kira kuskure nukiliya, da kuma dalilin ga shi kuwa, da ilmi ba. A 1938, wani masanin kimiyya Bethe, wanda daga baya ya zama wata ta Nobel, aiki a kan wani wucin gadi makamashi Madogararsa - uranium fission. Wannan lokaci, shi ne ganiya na kimiyya aiki na da yawa lissafin kimiyya, kuma daga cikinsu ya kasance mai ra'ayin cewa kimiyya ta asĩri kamata ba wanzu a duk, tun farkon da dokoki na kimiyya ne na kasa da kasa.

Rubuce, da hydrogen bam da aka kirkiro, amma yanzu da taimako na zanen kaya ta yi don saya fasaha siffofin. Shi ya kasance ne kawai don Pack shi a cikin wani musamman harsashi da kuma fuskanci ikon. Akwai biyu malamai waɗanda sunayensu zai har abada a nasaba da halittar iko makamai: Amurka ne - Edward Teller, kuma a cikin Tarayyar Soviet - Andrei Sakharov.

A Amurka thermonuclear matsala a farkon 1942 ya soma nazarin likita Edward Teller. By domin na Garri Trumena, a lokacin da shugaban kasar Amurka, a kan wannan batu mafi kyau masana kimiyya na kasar, suka halitta mai fundamentally sabon makami na halaka su. Haka kuma, gwamnatin ta domin ya jefa bam ikon ba kasa da wata ton miliyan na TNT. Teller hydrogen bam da aka halitta da kuma nuna wa mutãne a, cikin Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki, ta marasa iyaka, amma da ikon hallaka.

Yana da aka kika aika a Hiroshima da bam, wanda auna 4.5 ton na uranium abun ciki na 100 kg. Wannan fashewar corresponded zuwa kusan 12,500 ton na TNT. A Japan birnin Nagasaki plutonium bam shãfe gani wannan nauyi, amma yana da misãlin 20 000 ton na TNT.

Future Soviet Academician Andrei Sakharov a 1948, dangane da bincike, ya gabatar da zane na hydrogen bam a karkashin sunan RDS-6. Bincike ya wuce a biyu rassan: na farko da aka kira "puff" (RDS-6s), kuma shi ne mai alama na atomic cajin da na kewaye da yadudduka na kãyã da mãsu nauyi abubuwa. Na biyu reshe - "bututu" ko (RDS-6t) a cikinta plutonium bam ne a cikin ruwa deuterium. Daga bisani, wani muhimmanci sosai samu an sanya su tabbatar da cewa shugabanci na "bututu" ne a matattu karshen.

The aiki manufa na hydrogen bam ne kamar haka: a cikin ta farko harsashi fashe HB cajin wanda qaga Fusion dauki faruwa a sakamakon neutron flash. Lokacin da wannan tsari yana tare da a saki zafi wanda wajibi ne ga m Fusion. Neutrons fara zuwa bombardment shafi daga lithium deuteride, kuma shi bi da bi ne karkashin tasiri kai tsaye daga neutrons aka raba biyu abubuwa, tritium da helium. Kamar yadda amfani da makaman nukiliya fis domin kafa da ake so aka gyara a kira riga powered bam. Wannan irin wannan manufa wuya na hydrogen bam. Bayan wannan na farko matakai fara kai tsaye thermonuclear dauki a cakuda deuterium da tritium. A wannan lokaci a cikin bam mafi qara yawan zafin jiki, da kuma a cikin kira ya shafi kara adadin hydrogen. Idan ka bi hanya na wadannan halayen, su gudun mataki za a iya bayyana a matsayin nan da nan.

Daga bisani, masana kimiyya sun ba amfani da kira na nuclei da su division. A fission na daya ton na uranium generated makamashi daidai da 18 Mt. Irin wannan bam na da babban iya aiki. A mafi yawan iko bam, halitta mutãne, mallakar Tarayyar Soviet. Ta ko da samu a cikin Guinness Littafi na Records. Its fashewar da aka daidaita 57 (kimanin) megatons abu TNT. Yana da aka nike tashi a 1961 a cikin Novaya Zemlya tarin tsiburai yankin.