Jiki Properties na hydrogen. Properties da kuma yin amfani da hydrogen

Hydrogen H - sinadari, daya daga cikin mafi kowa a cikin sararin samaniya. taro na hydrogen matsayin wani kashi a cikin abun da ke ciki na al'amari ne 75% na jimlar abun ciki na sunadaran wani irin. Ya shiga cikin mafi muhimmanci da muhimmanci dangane da duniyar - ruwa. A rarrabe hydrogen ne ma a gaskiyar cewa shi ne na farko kashi a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur na sinadaran abubuwa D. I. Mendeleeva.

Gano da kuma gudanar da bincike

A farko ambaci hydrogen a cikin rubuce-rubucen na Paracelsus kwanan baya zuwa karni na sha shida. Amma ta kadaici daga wani gas cakuda iska da kuma flammable Properties bincike da aka sanya a cikin karni na goma sha bakwai da masana kimiyya Lemaire. Hydrogen sosai karatu English sunadarai da kuma likita masanin kimiyya Henry Cabendish, wanda empirically tabbatar da cewa taro na hydrogen mafi ƙasƙanci a kwatanta da sauran gas. A baya matakai na raya kimiyya, masana kimiyya da dama aiki tare da shi, kamar Lavoisier, wanda ya kira shi "generated ruwa."

Alama a kan halin da ake ciki PSKHE

Sinadarin, bude lokaci-lokaci tebur D. I. Mendeleeva - shi ne hydrogen. Jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na zarra nuna wasu biyuntakar saboda hydrogen lokaci guda ya kasance a cikin na farko da kungiyar, da babban subgroup, idan ta behaves kamar yadda wani karfe da ya bada guda electron a kan aiwatar da sinadaran dauki da na bakwai - a cikin hali na gaba daya cika valence harsashi, Ina nufin liyafar korau gaɓũɓuwa, wanda characterizes shi a matsayin kama da wani halogen.

Features na lantarki tsarin da rabi

The kaddarorin da hydrogen zarra na hadaddun abubuwa to wanda shi ne hada da, da kuma wani sauki abu na N ₂ ne da farko m da lantarki sanyi na hydrogen. A barbashi yana da wani electron tare Z = (-1), wanda rotates a cikin sarari guda a kusa da tsakiya dauke da daya proton da naúrar taro kuma tabbatacce cajin (+1). Its lantarki sanyi 1s rubuta kamar yadda ^1, wanda ya nuna kasancewar wani mummunan barbashi a kanta ga na farko da kawai na hydrogen s-orbitals.

Lokacin da kadaici ko recoil electron kuma zarra na kashi yana da dukiya da shi haɗa kan bangaskiya da karafa samu cation. Da gaske hydrogen ion - shi ne m na farko barbashi. Saboda haka, electron bã tãre da hydrogen kira kawai wani proton.

jiki Properties

Lokacin da ya bayyana cikin jiki Properties na hydrogen a takaice, shi ne wani colorless, ƙwauro narkewa gas tare da dangi atomic taro na 2, 14.5 sau wuta fiye iska, da liquefaction zafin jiki na -252,8 digiri Centigrade.

A gwajinsa, zaka iya ganin cewa H ₂ ne mafi sauki. Shi ya ishe cika uku da bukukuwa daban-daban abubuwa - hydrogen, carbon dioxide, yawanci iska - kuma lokaci guda saki su daga hannun. The fi sauri cewa ya kai ga ƙasa, wanda aka cika da CO ₂ bayan saukad cikin ƙaho iska cakuda hada da H ₂ da kuma duk Yunƙurin zuwa rufi.

A karamin nauyi da kuma size daga cikin barbashi hydrogen gaskata da ikon shiga ta hanyar daban-daban kayan. A cikin misali na wannan ball a cikin wannan sauki sa kamar wata kwana bayan ya deflates kansa a matsayin kawai gas za su wuce, ta hanyar da roba. Har ila yau, hydrogen iya tara a cikin tsarin da wasu karafa (palladium ko platinum), da kuma lokacin da zafin jiki ne tãyar da su ƙafe daga gare ta.

Property hydrogen ƙwauro amfani a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje domin ta kadaici Hanyar kau da ruwa. Jiki Properties na hydrogen (tebur misalta kasa yana dauke da muhimman sigogi) ayyana da ikon yinsa na aikace-aikace da kuma hanyoyin da shirye-shiryen.

A isotopic abun da ke ciki

Kamar sauran mambobi ne na lokaci-lokaci tsarin sunadarai abubuwa, hydrogen da dama na halitta isotopes, Ina nufin kwayoyin zarra da wannan adadin protons a tsakiya, amma daban-daban lambobin na neutrons - barbashi tare da sifili da naúrar cajin taro. Misalai na kwayoyin halitta da ciwon kama dukiya - oxygen, carbon, chlorine, bromine da kamar, ciki har da rediyoaktif.

Jiki Properties na hydrogen ¹ H, mafi tartsatsi na wakilan wannan kungiyar ne muhimmanci daban-daban daga wadanda daga cikin halaye na na sauran. A musamman, da daban-daban siffofin abubuwa a cikin abin da suka rababbe. Saboda haka, akwai wani na yau da kullum da kuma deuterated ruwa dauke da cikin abun da ke ciki maimakon a hydrogen zarra da daya kawai proton deuterium ² H - isotope da biyu na farko barbashi: tabbatacce kuma uncharged. Wannan isotope ne biyu sau mutum fiye da saba na hydrogen, wanda ya bayyana muhimman hakkokin bambanci a cikin kaddarorin da mahadi wanda suka samar. A yanayin da deuterium samu a 3200 sau rarer fiye da hydrogen. Uku Wakilin - tritium, ³ H, a cikin zuciyar shi yana da biyu proton da daya neutron.

Hanyar domin shirya kuma isolating

Laboratory da kuma masana'antu da hanyoyin samar da hydrogen ne quite daban-daban. Saboda haka, kananan yawa na gas da aka samar farko da halayen shafe ma'adanai, da kuma manyan-sikelin samar na ƙara yin amfani da kwayoyin kira.

Wadannan sinadaran halayen ana amfani a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje:

1. Halayen Alkali da alkaline duniya karafa da ruwa da nunawa Alkali da ake so gas.
2. A electrolysis na wani ruwa-ruwa electrolyte bayani a anode aka saki H ₂ ↑, da kuma cathode - oxygen.
3. Bazuwar hydrides Alkali karafa da ruwa, Alkali da kayayyakin ne, bi da bi, da gas H ₂ ↑.
4. Dayake tsarma acid tare da karafa ta samar da salts da H ₂ ↑.
5. A mataki na Alkali a kan silicon, aluminum da kuma tutiya kuma taimaka wa saki na hydrogen a layi daya ta samar da hadaddun salts.

A cikin masana'antu gas amfani samu ta hanyar irin dabaru kamar:

1. Thermal bazuwar na methane, a gaban mai kara kuzari ta bijiro da batun kafa na farko abubuwa (350 digiri kai muhimmancin wannan siga a matsayin zafin jiki) - hydrogen H ₂ da carbon C. ↑
2. Transmission na ruwa tururi ta hanyar da coke a 1000 ° C ta samar da carbon dioxide CO ₂ da H ₂ ↑ (fi na kowa Hanyar).
3. Hira da methane gas a kan nickel mai kara kuzari a yanayin zafi har zuwa 800 digiri.
4. Hydrogen ne byproduct a lokacin electrolysis na ruwa-ruwa mafita na potassium chloride ko sodium.

Chemical interactions: general tattalinsu

Jiki Properties na hydrogen sun fi mayar da bayyana ta hali a amsa matakai tare da da wani fili. Valency na hydrogen ne 1, tun lokacin da aka located a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur a cikin na farko da kungiyar, da kuma farfado da wani daban-daban hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar. A duk mahadi, fãce hydrides, hydrogen SD = (1+) a cikin kwayoyin na irin CNs, CN _2, CN ₃ - (1).

A kwayoyin na hydrogen gas, kafa ta samar da kowa yana da electron biyu, hada da biyu kwayoyin zarra da fairly barga energetically, domin wannan dalilin karkashin al'ada yanayi mafi inert a dauki da kuma shiga a al'ada yanayi canji. Dangane da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na hydrogen kamar yadda sauran abubuwa, shi zai iya bauta wa duka biyu kamar yadda wani oxidant da wani reductant.

Abubuwa da amsa ta samar da hydrogen da kuma

Elemental hulda ta samar da hadaddun abubuwa (sau da yawa a dagagge yanayin zafi):

1. A Alkali da alkaline duniya karfe + H = hydride.
2. Halogen + H ₂ = hydrogen halide.
3. Sulfur + = hydrogen sulfide.
4. Oxygen + _H2O = ruwa.
5. Carbon + H = methane.
6. Nitrogen + H ₂ = ammonia.

Hulda da hadaddun abubuwa:

1. Shiri na kira gas daga carbon monoxide da hydrogen.
2. Farfadowa da na'ura na karafa daga oxides tare da H _2.
3. Hydrogen jikewa na unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.

hydrogen bond

Jiki Properties na hydrogen ne irin wannan cewa, ba da damar da shi, kasancewa a dangane da wani electronegative kashi, ta samar da wata musamman irin dangane da wannan zarra na dab da kwayoyin ciwon unshared electron nau'i-nau'i (msl, oxygen, nitrogen da sunadarin flourine). A sarari misali na cewa shi ne mafi look at wannan sabon abu - shi ne ruwa. Yana za a iya ce stitched hydrogen shaidu ne weaker fiye covalent ko ionic, amma saboda gaskiyar cewa da yawa daga cikinsu suna da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan kaddarorin abubuwa. A gaskiya ma, hydrogen bond - ne electrostatic hulda, cewa ta ɗaure ruwa kwayoyin cikin dimers da polymers, da gaskatashi, ta high tafasar batu.

Hydrogen a cikin abun da ke ciki na ma'adinai mahadi

A abun da ke ciki na inorganic acid hada proton - cation zarra kamar hydrogen. Abu acid saura wanda yana da wani mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka ta fi (-1) aka ce polybasic fili. A halin yanzu akwai da dama da hydrogen atoms, wanda ya sa da multistage dissociation a mai ruwa-ruwa mafita. Kowane m proton acid saura raba daga wuya. Don quantify da hydrogen abun ciki a cikin yanayi ne m da ta acidity.

Hydrogen dauke da hydroxyl kungiyoyin da kuma sansanonin sojin. Su suna da alaka da hydrogen zarra na oxygen, sakamakon a cikin mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na saura Alkali ko da yaushe daidaita (-1). Da abun ciki na hydroxyl kungiyoyin a cikin wani yanayi bayyana ta wurin basicity.

A amfani da mutum aiki

Cylinders da wani abu, kazalika da kwantena tare da sauran liquefied gas kamar oxygen, da takamaiman bayyanar. Su fentin wani darkish-koren launi da wani haske ja "hydrogen" rubuta. Gas an allura a cikin balan-balan a matsa lamba na game da 150 atmospheres. Jiki Properties na hydrogen, musamman sauƙi na gaseous tara jihar da kuma ake amfani da ciko su tare da cakuda helium balloons, kara balloons, da dai sauransu

Hydrogen, da jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties wanda mutane sun koyi su yi amfani da yawa da suka wuce, a lokacin da hannu a dama masana'antu. Its main taro ke samar da ammonia. Har ila yau, hydrogen da aka hannu a samar da karafa (hafnium, germanium, gallium, silicon, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, da sauransu) na oxides, magana a dauki matsayin rage wakili da kuma gishiri na hydrocyanic acid, methyl barasa, da kuma roba ruwa man fetur. Masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci yana amfani da shi domin maida kayan lambu mai cikin m fats.

Tsare sinadaran Properties da kuma yin amfani da hydrogen a daban-daban hydrogenation matakai da hydrogenation na fats, kwal, hydrocarbons, mai kuma nauyi man fetur da man fetur. Tare da shi nuna duwatsu masu daraja, Lagwani, ku ciyar, bisa ƙirƙira da kuma waldi daga karfe kayayyakin ƙarƙashin rinjayar da oxygen-hydrogen harshen wuta.