Iri da kuma sunayen mosses da hotuna da kuma bayanin

A kan abin da suke mosses (jinsin sunan, irin) sani ba duk. A cikin mafi kyau idan, da makaranta ilmin halitta ba shakka ya tuna da saba Kukushkin flax ko sphagnum. A gaskiya ma, quite wani babban rukuni a lambobi na wadannan shuke-shuke da daraja quite baya daga sauran data kasance. Ba a samu wani links ko tsaka, ko tsaka-tsakin. A talakawa rai, sau da yawa sosai dame ba kawai sunayen mosses da lichens, amma da shuke-shuke da kansu, don ya tarye su, misali a cikin gandun daji. Me ya sa ba a samu karin daki-daki tare da wadannan ban mamaki mazaunan duniya duniya.

Mosses - daya daga cikin tsofaffin shuke-shuke, a duniya

Moss iyali hadawa a babban rukuni na mafi girma shuke-shuke, wanda yana da game da 25,000 jinsunan. Daga cikin wadannan, kawai 1 500 jinsunan girma a cikin kasar. Lissafinta m, tun yanzu ba a yi karatu sosai manyan yankunan da wurare masu zafi da gandun daji. Akwai ma wani raba kimiyya da cewa hulda da nazarin mosses - bryology. The mafi m siffofin ake magana a kai Carboniferous sau, amma masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa sun bayyana ko da a baya. Waɗannan su ne kawai shuke-shuke, wanda juyin halitta ne alaka da regressive ci gaban da sporophyte. Su ne har yanzu a alfijir na rayuwa a duniya, da tabbaci kama wuri a cikin shuka duniya, da kuma ci gaba da shi har yanzu.

Ashirin-iri biyu katin baza Moss aka jera a cikin "Red Littafi na Rasha": kampilium Krylov orhidium ocherednolistny, brioksifium Savatier, Angstrom amentaceous, atraktilokarpus mai tsayi, Oreas Martius, induziella Tien Shan, Lindberg brachypterous Lindberg hurawa, mamillariella crank, krifea multidirectional, doziya Japan, gomaliadelfus gladkozuby, Necker arewa, plagiotetsium tupeyshy, taksifillum taguwar, aktinotuidium Hooker leptopteriginandrum kudancin Alps, giofila nade, Fossombrone Alaska nskaya, backgammon Japan, izopahes discolored.

Janar halaye na mosses

Concepts Moss (Latin sunan - "bryophytes") da kuma yada Moss iyali ne sosai m kuma kunshi wani iri-iri iri. M shi ne tsumburai perennial shuka a tsawo daga 1 mm zuwa dama santimita, amma akwai nau'in da isa 60 cm ko fiye. A rarrabe da gansakuka ne cikakken rashi na tushen tsarin. Su yi aiki da aka yi da musamman outgrowths na epidermis - rhizoids. Tare da su taimako gansakuka jiki ne a haɗe zuwa substrate kuma sami ruwa tare da narkar da ma'adanai. kiwo sake zagayowar hada da jima'i (gametophyte) da kuma asexual (sporophyte) tsara. A daya hannun, regressive cututtuka jefa mayar da nisa a baya idan aka kwatanta da sauran shuke-shuke na duniya, da kuma a kan sauran - zai ba da damar da tsira a mafi mũnin yanayi, idan shafe duk wasu. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa su asali ya faru a karkashin Cover of sauran shuke-shuke, don haka neutrally bi da matsayin lighting kuma don zafi. Babban factor ga gansakuka ne gaban danshi. Amma ko da sun kasance iya daidaita ta rashin. Akwai wani ban mamaki alama na mosses - ikon fada a cikin wani na dakatar da tashin hankali a karkashin m muhalli da yanayi. A wannan lokaci, da shuka ya kusan daina dukkan rayuwa tafiyar matakai. Mosses iya zama a Jihar dakatar da tashin hankali ga shekarun da suka gabata, nasarar tsira musamman low ko high yanayin zafi, rashin ko babu danshi.

Rarraba mosses

Wadannan shuke-shuke suna sosai m damp wurare, da suka samu kusan a duk faɗin duniya, fãce tekuna da kuma sosai acidic (Saline) kasa. Sau da yawa sosai daban-daban na mosses, waɗanda sunayensu suke wani lokacin wuya da za a fassara daga Latin, an samu a cikin tundra. Suna girma quite sannu a hankali (da wani shekara-shekara karuwa daga 1-2 mm), idan ka dauki daya daya shuka, amma, a cikin general, shi samu manya-manyan biomass.

Abin da mosses mallakeku kusan dukkan sassan duniya, shi ne saboda a gaskiya wannan shuka oligotrophs. Za su iya girma ko da a cikin mafi zaran da matalauta kasa. Animals yawanci mosses ba ci. Su ikon rayayye riƙe danshi wani lokacin kai ga waterlogging na kasar gona.

haifuwa na mosses

Wadannan shuke-shuke da peculiar haihuwa sake zagayowar. Sunayen mosses kuma su rarraba ne daban-daban, amma sun kasance duk da irin wannan a cikin cewa a daya Hadakar shuka gametophyte da sporophyte. A karshen kuma ake kira asexual tsara. Ya aka wakilta wani kananan akwatin da rigingimu, wanda ta hanyar tsotsa kofin ƙafãfunsu anchored a gametophyte. A ci gaba da jima'i tsara fãra daga lokacin germination na spores. Asalinsu ɓullo da filamentous ko farantin-kamar samuwar (protonema), wanda kayansa mãsu kodan, daga wanda sa'an nan tsiro lamellar thallus ko mai tushe da ganye, dangane da abin da yake a jinsunan gansakuka. Names of jikin jima'i haifuwa a cikin mafi girma da tsire-tsire masu saba wa da yawa tun makarantar sakandare - kuma shi archegonium antheridia. Na farko shi ne mace haihuwa gabobin, halayyar mafi girma spore shuke-shuke, kazalika da gymnosperms kungiyar. Antheridia - wani namiji gabobin, suna samuwa a cikin mafi girma da shuke-shuke da kuma algae.

rarrabuwa

Bari mu zauna a kan wannan tambaya da abin da su ne mosses. Name biyu data kasance azuzuwan da sosai m: hanta da kuma leafy. Tun da farko a wannan rarrabuwa a hada Antotserotovye mosses. Amma daga baya, masana kimiyya sun ƙarasa da cewa wadannan su ne daban-daban kungiyoyin na shuke-shuke da kuma ware su a cikin wani musamman sashen. Kowane aji na da takamaiman fasali da kuma halaye.

Class Pechenochniki ko hanta: mosses, sunayen da hotuna

A rarrabe duk wadannan tsire-tsire ne da wani babban iri-iri gametophytes da sporophytes kama. A total number of azuzuwan ne game da 300 danginsu da kuma 6000 jinsunan mosses. Suna girma, yafi a wurare masu zafi canjin yanayin. Ga su, na sosai halayyar vegetative haifuwa ne fiye ko žasa da raya sassa na thallus.

Akwai jinsunan da ba su gyarawa ko dai a ƙasa, ko kuma a itatuwa, kamar Ricci iyo. Karkashin yanayi, aka same shi a cikin Far East da kuma Caucasus. Wani lokaci an kuma bred a aquariums.

A kan ƙasa na Rasha da kuma shi ne quite na kowa marchantia bambancin. Wannan gansakuka da aka girma a kan ƙasa. shuke-shuke (thallus) yana da tsari na multilayer jiki, da yawa sashe da farantin Girma har zuwa 10 santimita. A tsire-tsire masu iri guda ba, da kuma haihuwa gabobin aka sanya a kan farantin a cikin na musamman goyon bayan a cikin nau'i na laima.

Mene ne Generic sunayen mosses liverworts aji? Ga wasu daga cikinsu: sferokarpus, pallavitsinii, simfiogina, merch, gimenofitum, Metzger, Ritchie.

Class Listostebelnye mosses: misalai na sunayen

Leafy mosses - mafi yawa aji, wanda ya hada da fiye da 15 000 jinsunan, suna tattare a cikin 700 kowacce haihuwa. Baya daga aras lambobi, su ma yi jãyayya a cikin muhimmiyar rawa a cikin duniya a shuka murfin. Gametophyte wakilan wannan aji iya girma vertically ko horizontally. Dangane da wannan, su rarrabu, bi da bi, orthotropic da plagiotropnye jinsunan. Leafy mosses domin saukaka kasu kashi uku subclasses: sphagnum, Andreeva, brievye.

Subclass Sphagnum mosses

Kowane mutum ne saba da wadannan sunayen mosses. Tsire-tsire na subclass, akwai fiye da 300 jinsunan (40 jinsunan samu a cikin kasar), kuma suna girma a duk faɗin duniya. All mambobi ne na jinsin su ne basira manyan size da launi na fari da kuma kore, launin ruwan kasa, ko ja dafa. M jinsunan wannan subclass up ciyayi da kuma tundra zone ne babban tushen da samuwar peat adibas.

A HALITTAR Sphagnum ko peat gansakuka, ya hada da 120 jinsunan. Su duka girma a bogs, rufe su da wani kafet. Mai tushe shekara-shekara yawan amfanin ƙasa karuwa daga 2-3 cm, yayin da ƙananan part mutu kuma decomposes, amma ba rot. Dalilin wannan alama ne da cewa jiki ne kafa gansakuka carbolic acid, an antiseptic. Matattu, da kuma siffofin ɓangare na Turf, amma wannan tsari ne na tafiyar hawainiya. Saboda haka, an kiyasta cewa, 1 mita na wannan adibas kafa a lokacin da 1000 shekaru!

Wani wakilin dauke subclass - tortula karkara. Tsiro da gansakuka a kan itatuwa, da sunan shi ne m. Mazauninsu: daga tundra ga Arctic da kuma hamada zones. An haɗe zuwa fallasa Tushen itatuwa da haushi da kuma duwatsu. Yana yana da wani rarrabe ruwan kasa ko greenish-kasa-kasa launi, da kara ke tsiro zuwa 10 santimita.

Ga wasu daga cikin sunayen karkashin shawara gansakuka HALITTAR: sphagnum fadama, bulging, launin ruwan kasa, girgenzona, magellansky, papillozny.

Subclass Brievye mosses

Subclass isasshe da yawa da ya hada da fiye da 14 000 jinsunan, 1300 wanda aka samu a yankin na kasar Rasha. Wannan shi ne yafi Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana, kai wani sosai m size daga 1 mm zuwa 50 cm ba ga tsawo. Launi ne yawanci kore, m-kasa-kasa ko kusan baki. Suna girma, yawanci a gona, na banza itace ko ganye. Su sosai ba zai iya jure Saline kasa. To duk saba sunayen irin mosses a Rasha a matsayin Kukushkin flax ko kimiyance politrihum talakawa, brium voloskonosny. Suna girma a arewacin da kuma tsakiyar yankunan na Rasha, mafi sau da yawa a cikin dazuzzuka.

subclass Andreeva

Wannan rukuni na kananan shuka (game da 120) na girma a cikin sanyi canjin yanayin (Arctic da Antarctic). Su za a iya samu a kan kankara da kuma cliffs, inda suka samar da wani abu kamar gammaye. Wakilai daga wannan subclass ne Andre dutse, splahnum ja da rawaya, rodobrium rosette, leukobrium bluish, polia drooping, dikranum mnogonozhkovy. Waɗannan su ne kawai wasu irin mosses. Sunaye da hotunan wasu 'yan subclass za a iya samu a cikin Botanical atlases, wanda kuma za a ba wani cikakken bayanin irin HALITTAR da jinsunan.

sashen Antotserotovye

Antrotserotovye baya dauke a matsayin mosses da kasaftawa a raba aji. Yanzu suna tsare a matsayin yaduwar Moss shuke-shuke da irin wannan tsarin da thallium. Domin thallus halayyar rosette siffar a kan ƙananan gefe Have rhizoids. Shi ne mazaunan yammacin sahara, da kuma kawai 'yan jinsin girma a temperate canjin yanayin.

Yadda za a bambanta daga lichen gansakuka?

Mutane da yawa dame ba kawai sunayen mosses da lichens, amma a general su bayyanar. Babban bambancin shi ne cewa karshen - su ne wakilan da ƙananan spore shuke-shuke da ya bayyana a kan Duniya da yawa a baya mosses. Wasu lichens ko da wani suna cewa a fili ya nuna shi nasa wani mabanbanta rukuni na shuke-shuke. Alal misali, itacen oak gansakuka, Ailan gansakuka, reindeer gansakuka. Sunayen na asali kiyaye su, amma ga batun sashen baza Moss iyali, ba su da wani dangantaka. Oak gansakuka yana da wani kyakkyawan kimiyya sunan Evernia Prunastri. Idan ka dubi hoto, shi nan da nan ya bayyana cewa wannan lichen. Ya ke tsiro, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, a kan itacen oak haushi, kazalika da wasu conifers.

A jikin lichens - a symbiosis na algae da fungi. Bã su da wani tushe, da kuma mosses da su kama - rhizoids. Magana mafi kawai, lichen jiki - kamar sanwic: saman da kasa na naman gwari da kuma algae a tsakiyar, wanda yana da za'ayi aiwatar da photosynthesis. A substrate to wanda aka a haɗe a lichen (yawanci itace) an halaka su da wata musamman acid da aka ware fungi. Haka kuma, shi ne iya halaka ko wani dutse. Saboda haka, wadannan tsire-tsire ne quite cutarwa. Saboda haka, a lokacin da suke faruwa, kamar 'ya'yan itatuwa, su kawai halakar da haushi. Amma a lokaci guda, lichens - wani gwargwado na tsarki da iska, domin su sosai ba zai iya jure gassed.

The kamar ferns da mosses?

Ferns a juyin sharuddan ne mataki daya sama da gansakuka. Dalilin shi ne cewa suna da wani conductive jijiyoyin bugun gini tsarin da wanda shuka na'am da ruwa da kuma narkar da ma'adanai. Su ne mafi saba wa mutanen da ake samu a ko'ina a cikin dazuzzuka. Dryopteris da Bracken - sanannen sunan. Mosses da ferns har yanzu sõyayya da wanda gagarumin kama: duka biyu wadanda, da sauransu ba haifa da tsaba da kuma spores. Wannan shi ne, akwai wani canzawar jima'i da kuma asexual ƙarni (sporophyte da gametophyte). Bugu da kari, su ne sau da yawa sosai da makwabta a cikin halitta mazauninsu, kamar yadda biyu wadanda, da kuma wasu fi son inuwa kuma high zafi.

Ma'ana mosses

Mosses a irin wannan yanayi - shi majagaba, su ne na farko da ya kafa mulkin mallaka da ƙasa, da yanayin damina da ake sau da yawa ba ya dace da wani sauran shuka. Wadannan shuke-shuke suna da wani ɓangare na biosphere matsayin dukan. Mosses haifar musamman biocenoses a tundra, rufe da ƙasa da a ci gaba da magana.

Bã su da wani sosai pronounced ikon riƙe danshi, amfanin wanda za a iya fassara a cikin hanyoyi biyu. Daga farko ra'ayi, da suka tsara da ruwa balance a cikin ƙasa, da kuma na biyu - da taimako zuwa ga eutrophication na gandun daji, natsuwa da m ƙasar.

Sphagnum gansakuka - shi ne mai muhimmanci da tushen samuwar adibas na peat, wanda aka yadu amfani da matsayin man fetur, abu don ginin da kuma aikin noma. Bugu da kari, wasu nau'in kuma yi amfani da magani, kamar yadda suke da anti-kwayan Properties. Amma samuwar sphagnum bogs da hypnum yana da muhimmanci ga dukan yanayin kasa. Shi ne wuri na da yawa Bishiyoyi da herbaceous shuke-shuke, gida yawa game dabbobi da tsuntsaye. Amma, mafi muhimmanci, da fadama - shi ne da wani abu kamar ajiye tanki da sabo ruwa. Bayan duk, kamar soso, mamaye duk da ruwan sama, sa'an nan shi a hankali ba danshi da ƙasa kananan kõguna sunã gudãna daga daga gare ta. Fadama taka rawar da kayyadewa da zafi kewaye yankin.