Ina kasa da kasa misali kilogram?

Daidaito ne ba superfluous. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a duk faɗin duniya da kuma halitta da tsarin kasa da kasa da girma, da aka bayyana a cikin ma'aunansa na dukan da aka sani girma da wani mutum. Kawai misali kilogram aka kasaftawa a cikin layi raka'a. Bayan duk, ya kawai yana da jiki real-rai samfur. Mene ne nauyi da kuma na kasa da kasa misali kilogram kiyaye a cikin wata kasa, za mu amsa a wannan labarin.

Me ya sa muke bukatar matsayin?

Kilogram, kamar lemu, Tã guda a Afirka da kuma a Rasha? Amsar ne - a, kusan. Kuma duk godiya ga kasa da kasa da tsarin na kayyade reference misali kilogram, mita, na biyu, da kuma sauran jiki sigogi. Ji matsayin wajibi ne ga 'yan Adam zuwa ga tabbatar da tattalin arziki aiki (fatauci) da kuma yi (hadin kai zane), masana'antu (hadin kai gami) da kuma al'adu (da hadin kan lokaci ramummuka), da kuma wasu filayen. Kuma idan a nan gaba za ka warware iPhone, shi ne wata ila cewa wannan ya faru saboda canji a cikin nauyi na babban taro misali.

tarihi nagartacce

Kowane wayewa da ta ma'aunansa da asowar, wanda ya yi nasara juna bayan karnoni. A zamanin d Misira, da taro na abubuwa auna a Kantara ko kikkarah. A zamanin d Girka, shi ya iyawa da kuma drachma. Kuma a Rasha, da taro na kaya auna a poods ko spools. Amma mutane kamar daban-daban tattalin arziki da siyasa da tsarin sun amince da cewa, sashi ne na auna daga nauyi, tsawon, ko wasu sigogi zai zama daidai ga guda kwangila naúrar. Abin da ke da ban sha'awa, ko da wani rarake a zamanin da zai bambanta da na uku daga cikin 'yan kasuwa daga kasashe daban-daban.

Physics da kuma matsayin

Shirye-shirye ne sau da yawa fi'ili da kuma contingent yi aiki, har irin wannan lokaci kamar yadda mutum ba tsunduma a tsanani kimiyya da aikin injiniya kasuwanci. Tare da fahimtar da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai, ci gaban masana'antu da kuma halittar tururi tukunyar jirgi da kuma ci gaban harkokin kasuwanci ya duniya akwai bukatar don ƙarin m uniform nagartacce. Preparatory aikin da aka dade da laborious. Lissafin kimiyya, lissafi, chemists a duk faɗin duniya sun yi aiki da wuya a samu a duniya misali. Farko, kuma farkon - kasa da kasa misali kilogram, saboda shi ne nauyi da mudu tare da sauran jiki sigogi (amps, volts, Watts).

alkawari na mita

A gagarumin taron ya faru a cikin unguwannin Paris a 1875. A karo na farko, 17 kasashe (da kuma Rasha daga gare su) hannu da Meter Yarjejeniyar. Yana da wani kasa da kasa alkawari cewa samar da hadin kai na matsayin. Yau acceded 55 kasashe kamar cikakken mambobi da kuma 41 aboki mambobi son. A lokaci guda kafa ta kasa da kasa Ofishin nauyi da kuma matakan da kasa da kasa kwamitin nauyi da kuma Matakan, babban aiki na wanda shi ne ya bi da hadin kai na standardization a dukan duniya.

Standards na farko awo al'ada

Standard mita ya zama wani iyali na gami da platinum da iridium (9 zuwa 1) da tsawon arba'in da daya bangare na Paris Meridian. Etalon kilogram na wannan gami corresponded zuwa taro na lita (cubic decimeters) na ruwa a zazzabi na 4 digiri Celsius (mafi yawa) a misali matsa lamba tsawo. Standard 1/86400 seconds ya zama wani ɓangare na tsawon na nufin hasken rana rana. All 17 jihohin jam'iyyun da al'ada samu wani kwafin daga cikin misali.

location Z

Prototypes da asali tunani yanzu adana a cikin majalisar na kaya masu nauyi da kuma Matakan a Sevres, kusa da Paris. Shi ne a unguwar waje na Paris, kuma shi ne wurin da reference aka adana kilogram mita candela (luminous tsanani), ampere (na yanzu), Kelvin (zafin jiki) da kuma mole (as wata naúrar abu, ba jiki da tunani). A tsarin na kaya masu nauyi da kuma matakan da, wanda dogara ne a kan shida tunani, da ake kira International System of Units (SI). Amma tarihin matsayin wannan ba a kan, shi da ya shigo fara.

SI

A tsarin na matsayin da muka yi amfani da - SI (SI), daga Faransa Systeme International d'Unites - ya hada da bakwai tushe raka'a. Wannan mita (tsawon), kg (nauyi), ampere (na yanzu) candela (luminous tsanani), Kelvin (zafin jiki), mol (adadin abu). All sauran jiki yawa ana samu ta hanyar daban-daban ilmin lissafi lissafin amfani da asali raka'a. Alal misali, a naúrar na karfi daidai kg x m / s ^2. Dukan kasashe, fãce Amurka, Najeriya da kuma Myanmar, ta amfani da SI tsarin na ji, wanda yake nufin gwama unknown yawa tare da misali. A misali - da m jiki da dabi'u, wanda duk sun amince da cewa, shi ne cikakken daidai.

A misali shi ne yadda mutane da yawa fam?

Zai ze sauki - Tutar 1 kg ne nauyi na 1 lita na ruwa. Amma a gaskiya wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Abin da ya sa na misali kilogram na game da 80 prototypes - abin tambaya shi ne quite hadaddun. Amma kwatsam mafi wani zaɓi gami abun da ke ciki da aka zaba, wanda dade fiye da shekaru 100. Standard kilogram nauyi sanya wani gami da platinum (90%) kuma iridium (10%), da kuma wani Silinda wanda diamita ne daidai da tsawo da yake 39,17 millimeters. Sun kuma yi masa replicas, da yawan 80 guda. Kofe daga cikin misali kilogram Suna located in kasashen da suka halarci a cikin yarjejeniyar. Amma babban reference aka adana a cikin unguwannin Paris da kuma bauta uku shãfe haske kwantena. Duk inda da misali kilogram, a kan jinkiri gudanar da wani sulhu zuwa ga mafi muhimmanci na kasa da kasa nasa tarihin a cikin shekaru goma.

Babban nasa tarihin

A kasa da kasa misali kilogram aka jefa a 1889 da kuma aka adana a Sevres a Faransa a cikin hadari na kasa da kasa Ofishin nauyi da kuma Matakan, an rufe shi da uku m iyakoki na gilashi. Kunamu daga hadari da cewa akwai kawai uku high-ranking hukumar. Tare da babban nasa tarihin a cikin hadari shi ne, shi da shida jũyar ko magadansa. Kowace shekara, babban ma'aunin nauyi da aka dauka a matsayin misali kilogram, rantsuwarsu cire domin jarrabawa. Kuma a kowace shekara shi ne samun sirara kuma sirara. Dalilin wannan nauyi asara - samfurin rabuwa kwayoyin halitta lokacin da hakar.

Rasha version

A kwafin daga cikin misali shi ne a Rasha. Ya sa a cikin Research Institute of Metrology. Mendeleev a St. Petersburg. Wadannan su ne biyu da platinum-iridium samfur - № 12 da kuma lambar 26. Suna located a kan tushe na ma'adini, an rufe shi da biyu gilashi domes da kuma rufe a karfe hadari. iska zafin jiki cikin kwantena 20 ° C, zafi 65%. Domestic samfur yana da wani nauyi na 1 000 000 087 kilo.

Standard kilogram aka rasa nauyi

Tabbatar da na misali ya nuna cewa daidaito na kasa ma'aunansa na da tsari na 2 micrograms. Dukan su ana sa a karkashin irin wannan yanayi, da kuma lissafin nuna cewa misali kilogram shekara ɗari rasa nauyi 3 x 10 ^-8 nauyi. Duk da haka, da definition, da taro na kasa da kasa misali m zuwa 1 kilogram, da kuma wani canje-canje a cikin real taro misali gubar zuwa wani canji na dabi'u na kilo. A shekara ta 2007, ya bayyana cewa kilogram Silinda fara auna 50 micrograms kasa. Kuma akan rage da nauyi ya ci gaba.

New hanyoyin fasaha da kuma sabuwar tuta ma'aunin nauyi

Don kawar kurakurai ne neman wani sabon tsarin da misali kilogram. Akwai ci gaba a definition daga cikin misali na wani adadin silicon-28 isotope. Akwai aikin "Electronic kilogram." The National Institute of Technology Standards kuma (2005, USA) tsara na'urar dangane da ikon ma'aunai zama dole don ƙirƙirar wani electromagnetic filin da za su iya tayar da 1 kg. Žwarewar wannan ma'aunai - 99.999995%. Akwai ci gaba da definition na taro dangane da taro na neutron sauran. Duk wadannan aukuwa da kuma fasahar da za ta taimaka motsa daga dauri ga misali jiki taro a cimma hakan daidaito da kuma yiwuwar sulhu a ko'ina a cikin duniya.

Sauran alamar ayyukan

Kuma yayin da duniya da hasken kimiyya kayyade wadda hanyar warware matsalar shi ne mafi m, aka dauke mafi alamar aikin a cikin abin da taro ba zai canza a kan lokaci. A wannan tunani zai jiki cubical sunadaran carbon-12 isotope da tsawo daga 8,11 santimita. Wannan shigen sukari zai zama 2250 x 281 489 633 12-carbon atoms. Masu bincike daga United States of Standards and Technology National Institute bayar ayyana misali kilogram, ta amfani Planck ta m kuma da dabara E = mc ^ 2.

Modern tsarin awo tsarin

Modern nagartacce ba daya suke ba abin da ya kasance a baya. Meter farko dangantaka tare da karkara na duniya a yau yayi dace da nesa cewa haske katako kara a daya 299792458 th biyu. Amma na biyu - wannan shi ne lokaci, a lokacin da ya wuce 9192631770 vibrations na cesium zarra. Amfanin jimla daidaito a cikin wannan yanayin ne bayyananne, domin su za a iya buga a ko'ina a cikin duniya. A sakamakon haka, kadai misali da cewa akwai ta jiki, ya zauna misali kilogram.

Nawa ne misali?

Bayan wanzu for fiye da shekaru 100, da misali ne riga mai yawa, a matsayin batu, da kuma na musamman da mutum ke sanya shi. A general, domin sanin wani farashin daidai ƙidaya yawan kwayoyin zarra da kilogram na zinariya tsantsa. Yawan samu daga Domin na 25 lambobin da wannan ba tare da shan la'akari da akida dabi'u na sanya shi. Amma yayin da sayarwa na misali kilogram ma da wuri, saboda da gamayyar kasa da kasa ya ba tukuna samu kawar da kadai suka rage jiki misali duniya tsarin raka'a.

Ina mamaki game da ma'aunai

A duk lokacin da zones na duniya lokacin UTC aka bayyana dangi zuwa duniya lokaci (msl, UTC + 4: 00). Abin lura, akwai wani abbreviations a deciphering shi soma a shekara ta 1970 ta kasa da kasa Sadarwa Union. Biyu zažužžukan da aka miƙa: Turanci yanke (hadewa Universal Lokaci) da kuma Faransa TUC (Temps Universel Coordonné). Mun zabi wani tsaka tsaki talakawan raguwa.

Sea amfani ji "kumburi". Don auna gudun da jirgin amfani da musamman fada bayan da nodes a wannan nesa, wanda aka jefa overboard, da kuma kirga yawan nodes a iyakancen lokaci lokaci. Modern kayan aiki ne yafi nagartaccen fiye da wata igiya da kullin, amma sunan da ya makale.

Kalma yayi cikakkar, da darajar da matsananci daidaici da kuma daidaito, shi ne a cikin harshen da sunan tsoho Greek nauyi misali - scruple. Ya kasance daidai 1.14 grams da aka yi amfani da yin la'akari azurfa da tsabar kudi.

Sunan kudin sau da yawa fãra a cikin sunayen nauyi matakan. Saboda haka, a UK Sterling azurfa kira tsabar kudin da irin tsabar kudin auna 240 lbs. A zamanin d Rus gudu sun "hryvnia azurfa" ko "zinariya hryvnia" wanda yake nufin wani yawan tsabar kudi, inda ya bayyana matsayin nauyi m.

Bakon ikon ji motocin horsepower ne quite real asalin. The kirkiro na tururi engine Dzheyms Uayt ya dage domin ya nuna da amfani da sabuwar dabara na da gogayya abin hawa. Ya lasafta nawa wani doki zai iya karba da kaya a lokacin da shi da aka tsara a matsayin mai lamba daya horsepower.