Gyara na plastids - mai kowa sabon abu a duniya na shuke-shuke. Plastids: tsarin, aiki

Daya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin ne gaban a cytoplasm farko da wasu gabbansa kamar plastids. Structure, musamman su tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, kazalika da chloroplast darajar chromoplasts da leucoplasts za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

A tsarin da chloroplast

Green plastid tsarin wanda a yanzu mun bincika jẽranta m wasu gabbansa na sel na mafi girma spore da iri shuke-shuke. Su dvuhmembrannymi kwayoyin halitta da kuma masu m, a siffar. Su lambar a cikin cytoplasm iya zama daban-daban. Alal misali, Kwayoyin columnar taba leaf parenchyma farantin dauke da har zuwa dubban chloroplast a cikin tushe na hatsi shuka iyali daga 30 zuwa 50.

Dukansu membranes wani bangare ne na organelle, da daban-daban Tsarin: matsanancin - santsi, uku-Layer, kama da membrane na mafi shuka Kwayoyin. Ciki qunshi wani jam'i na folds, kira lamellae. Wadannan m lebur pouches - thylakoids. A lamellae samar da wata cibiyar sadarwa a layi daya tubules. Tsakanin lamellae ne thylakoids-Kwayoyin. Suna tattara a stacks - fuskoki da cewa za a iya juna. Da lambar daya chloroplast - 60-150. Dukan ciki rami da aka cika da matrix na chloroplast.

Organelle yana da ãyõyin cin gashin: da kansa kayyade abu - madauwari DNA, da wanda chloroplast iya ninka. Har ila yau, akwai wata rufaffiyar m membrane bounding da organelle da matakai da ke faruwa a cikin cytoplasm. Chloroplast suna da nasu ribosomes da RNA kwayoyin da tRNA, kuma ta haka ne, da ikon haduwa da sunadarai.

ayyuka thylakoids

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, da plastids na shuka Kwayoyin - chloroplast, dauke a cikin abun da ke ciki na musamman mĩƙe sacs kira thylakoids. Sai suka sãmi pigments - chlorophylls (da hannu a photosynthesis) da kuma carotenoids (aiki goyon baya da kuma trophic aiki). Akwai kuma enzyme tsarin, da dauki samar da wani haske, kuma duhu lokaci na photosynthesis. Thylakoids aiki a matsayin antennas: su mayar da hankali haske haskoki da kuma shiryar da su zuwa ga mai chlorophyll kwayoyin.

Photosynthesis - babban aiwatar da chloroplast

Autotrophic Kwayoyin suna iya haduwa kwayoyin abubuwa, musamman glucose, ta amfani da carbon dioxide da haske makamashi. Green plastid aiki wanda muke karatu, ne wani ɓangare daga cikin phototrophic - kwayar kwayoyin, kamar:

• mafi girma spore shuke-shuke (mosses, horsetails, kulob din mosses, ferns).
• iri (gymnosperms - gingovye, conifers, efedrovye da angiosperms ko flowering shuke-shuke).

Photosynthesis - a tsarin na hadawan abu da iskar shaka-raguwa halayen, wadda ake bisa electron canja wurin tsari daga bayarwa abubuwa to tana gina "saninsu" su, da ake kira acceptors.

Wadannan halayen kai ga kira na Organic abubuwa, musamman glucose, da kuma rabuwar kwayoyin oxygen. The haske lokaci na photosynthesis ya auku a kan thylakoid membranes karkashin mataki na haske makamashi. A tunawa photons hankali electrons haske magnesium kwayoyin halitta na dauke a cikin kore pigment - chlorophyll.

A electron makamashi da ake amfani da ikon-cinyewa kira abubuwa ATP da NADP-H2. Sun raba cell ga duhu lokaci halayen da ke faruwa a cikin matrix na chloroplast. A totality of wadannan roba halayen take kaiwa ga samuwar kwayoyin na glucose, amino acid, glycerol kuma m acid, wanda bauta kamar gini Kwayoyin da trophic abu.

iri plastids

Green plastid tsarin da kuma ayyuka na wanda muka duba a baya, suna a cikin ganye, mai tushe, da kuma kore ba ne kawai irin. Alal misali, a cikin fata na 'ya'yan itace, a cikin petals flowering shuke-shuke a cikin matsanancin inuwõyi na karkashin kasa masu gudu - tubers da kwararan fitila, akwai wasu plastids. Suna da ake kira chromoplasts ko leucoplasts.

Colorless wasu gabbansa (leucoplasts) da daban-daban siffofi da kuma daban-daban daga chloroplast cewa su na ciki rami yana da wani bakin ciki faranti - lamella, da kuma yawan thylakoids saka a cikin matrix kananan. Matrix kanta qunshi wani deoxyribonucleic acid, da furotin-rairaya da wasu gabbansa - ribosomes da proteolytic enzymes cewa karya saukar da sunadarai da kuma carbohydrates.

Leucoplasts ne ma enzymes - synthetase musharaka a cikin samuwar glucose kwayoyin na sitaci. Saboda haka colorless plastids na shuka Kwayoyin accumulates maye gina jiki: furotin katsin da masara sitaci. Wadannan plastids ne ayyuka na jari na Organic abubuwa za a iya canza kama zuwa chromoplasts, misali a lokacin ripening tumatir, a mataki na lactic ripeness.

A karkashin scanning microscope ciwon high ƙuduri, a fili a bayyane bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin da duk iri uku plastids. Wannan da farko ya shafi chloroplast tare da mafi hadaddun tsarin dangantaka da aiki na photosynthesis.

Chromoplasts - plastids launi

Tare da kore da kuma colorless a shuka Kwayoyin akwai wani na uku view wasu gabbansa kira chromoplasts. Bã su da wani launuka iri-iri: yellow, da shunayya, ja. Kila shi ne kama da leucoplasts: ciki membrane yana da kananan yawan lamellae da kuma kananan yawan thylakoids. Chromoplasts dauke da daban-daban pigments: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoids, karin photosynthetic abubuwa. Yana da wadannan plastids samar da launi na gwoza Tushen, karas, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari,' ya'yan itatuwa da kuma berries.

Kamar yadda a can da kuma yardatayya sāke plastids

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplast - da plastids (sifa da aiki da abin da muka yi nazarin), da ciwon kowa asalin. Su ake samu daga meristematic (ilimi) nama, wanda aka kafa protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye sacciform da wasu gabbansa da har zuwa 1 micron. A cikin haske, da suka wahalad da tsarin: ciki membrane an kafa dauke da lamellae, kuma an hada da kore pigment chlorophyll. Protoplastidy zama chloroplast. Leucoplasts ma za a iya tuba a karkashin mataki na haske da makamashi zuwa kore plastids, sa'an nan a cikin chromoplasts. Gyara na plastid - shi ne mai tartsatsi sabon abu a duniya na shuke-shuke.

Chromatophores matsayin magabata na chloroplast

Prokaryotic phototrophic kwayoyin - kore, da shunayya, kwayoyin cuta, da photosynthetic tsari aka yi amfani da A bacteriochlorophyll wanda kwayoyin aka shirya a ciki cytoplasmic membrane outgrowths. Kwayoyin yi imani chromatophores na kwayoyin magabata plastids.

Wannan ya tabbatar da su kama chloroplast tsarin, wato gaban dauki cibiyoyin da svetoulavlivayuschih tsarin da janar sakamakon photosynthesis, abu don samuwar kwayoyin mahadi. Ya kamata a lura da cewa ƙananan tsire-tsire - kore algae, kazalika da prokaryotes, da plastids. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ilimi hlorofillosoderzhaschie - chromatophores dauki kan su ayyuka - photosynthesis.

Yadda ya yi da chloroplast

Daga cikin da yawa shiriritar da asalin na plastid mayar da hankali a kan symbiogenesis. Bisa ga ideas, plastids - sel (chloroplast) cewa ya tashi a Archean zamanin saboda shigar azzakari cikin farji na farko cell heterotrophic phototrophic kwayoyin. Su baya ya kai ga samuwar kore plastids.

A cikin wannan takarda mun yi nazarin tsarin da kuma aiki na shuka kwayoyin halitta dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplast, da chromoplasts. Kuma gano su darajar a cell aiki.