Holography - shi ... A ra'ayi, manufa, da aikace-aikacen

Holographic image na yau ake} ara yin amfani. Wasu ma yi imani da cewa shi zai iya maye gurbin da aka sani hanyar sadarwa a kan lokaci. Kamar shi ko a'a, amma a yanzu an yadu a yi amfani da daban-daban da masana'antu. Alal misali, dukan mu kasance saba holographic lambobi. A yawa na masana'antun yin amfani da su a matsayin hanyar kariya da jabu. A hoto a kasa ya nuna wasu holographic lambobi. Su aikace-aikace - mai matukar tasiri hanyar kare dukiya da kuma takardun da jabu.

A tarihin nazarin holography

Uku-girma image samu a sakamakon refraction, ya fara nazarin gwada da kwanan nan. Duk da haka, za mu iya magana da wanzuwar na tarihin ta binciken. Dennis Gabor, British masanin kimiyya, da farko gano a cikin 1948, shi ne holography. Wannan samu yana da matukar muhimmanci, amma ta mafi girma darajar a lokacin da aka ba tukuna bayyana. Yi aiki a cikin 1950s, masu bincike sun sha wahala daga rashin wani haske Madogararsa ciwon jituwar - mai da muhimmanci sosai alama ga ci gaban holography. A farko Laser aka kerarre a shekarar 1960. Tare da wannan na'urar yana yiwuwa a sami haske da ciwon isa jituwar. Juris Upatnieks da immet Leith, US masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar farko hologram. Tare da su taimako da shi samu uku-girma images of abubuwa.

A m shekaru, nazarin ci gaba. Daruruwan bincike takardunku cewa yayi nazari manufar holography, ya tun da aka buga, da kuma buga littattafai masu yawa a kan wannan hanya. Duk da haka, wadannan ayyukan da aka jawabi ga kwararru da kuma ba da janar karatu. A wannan labarin, za mu magana game da duk abin da m harshe.

Mene ne holography

Za ka iya bayar da wadannan definition: holography - An samu da Laser volumetric photo. Duk da haka, wannan definition ba gaba ɗaya m, kamar yadda akwai mutane da yawa da sauran iri uku-girma hotuna. Duk da haka, ya nuna mafi muhimmanci: holography - mai fasaha Hanyar da damar zuwa "rikodin" bayyanar da wani abu. shi zai iya taimaka samu wani uku-girma image cewa ya dubi kamar real abu. da yin amfani da lasers ya kasance da muhimmanci domin ta ci gaba.

Holography da aikace-aikace

holography nazari taimaka bayyana da yawa daga cikin al'amurran da suka shafi dangantaka da al'ada daukar hoto. A matsayin lafiya art uku-girma image iya ko kalubalanci karshen, domin shi ba ka damar gani da duniya sosai da sosai, kuma daidai.

Masana kimiyya wani lokacin emit zamanin a cikin tarihin 'yan adam, ta hanyar sadarwa, wanda aka sani a wasu karnoni. Za ka iya ce, misali, na data kasance a zamanin d hieroglyphics na Misira, na da sabuwar dabara a 1450 na bugu latsa. A dangane da kiyaye zamanin yau fasaha ci gaba, sabon hanyar sadarwa, kamar TV da tarho, sun shagaltar da wani rinjaye matsayi. Ko da yake holographic manufa ne har yanzu a cikin jariri lõkacin da ta je ta yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai, akwai dalilin yi imani da cewa na'urar dangane da shi za su iya maye gurbin da aka sani hanyar sadarwa a nan gaba, ko kuma a kalla mika ikon yinsa, na aikace-aikace.

Almarar kimiyya adabi da kuma rare latsa sau da yawa Zagayawar holography a daidai ba, gurbata haske. Sau da yawa suka haifar da ba daidai ba ra'ayin game da wannan hanya. Uku-girma image, gani karo na farko, m. Amma babu kasa da ban sha'awa shi ne da jiki bayani na manufa da ta na'urorin.

A tsangwama juna

The damar ganin abubuwa kahu a kan gaskiyar cewa haske tãguwar ruwa ake refracted ta ko nuna daga gare su, samun a cikin idanunmu. Nuna a kan haske daga wani abu halin da kalaman irin na kalaman gaban m ga siffar da abu. Hoto na duhu da haske ratsi (ko Lines) haifar da kungiyoyin biyu na jiwuwa haske tãguwar ruwa wanda tsoma baki. Wannan Forms girma holography. A data tube a kowane hali dauki kashi a hade cewa ya dogara ne kawai a kan siffar da wavefronts tãguwar ruwa wanda hulɗa tare da juna. Irin wannan hoto da aka kira tsangwama. Yana za a iya gyarawa, misali, a kan wani daukar hoto farantin, idan ka saka shi a cikin wani wuri inda akwai wani kalaman tsangwama.

A iri-iri na holograms

Hanyar ba ka damar rikodin (rajistar) nuna daga cikin abu kalaman gaban, sa'an nan a mayar da shi don haka da cewa viewer ji cewa ya ga real abu, kuma shi ne holography. Wannan sakamako, wanda shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa uku-girma image an samu to wannan har a matsayin real abu.

Akwai su da yawa daban-daban na holograms, a cikin abin da shi ne sauki don samun rude. Domin sanin wannan ko da cewa irin, ya kamata a cinye hudu ko biyar manufofi. Daga dukkan su sets, mu yi la'akari da kawai na asali azuzuwan cewa yana amfani da zamani holography. Duk da haka, ka farko bukatar magana kadan game da wannan kalaman na sabon abu diffraction. Wannan shi ya yale mu mu tsara (ko kuma wajen da sake gina) da wavefront.

diffraction

Idan wani abu ne a cikin hanyar haske, ya kawas da inuwa. Light bends a kusa da abu, zuwa jera a cikin inuwa yankin. Wannan sakamako ne ake kira diffraction. Shi ne saboda da kalaman yanayin haske, amma ya bayyana shi ne quite wuya ga tsananin.

Kawai a cikin wani sosai kananan kwana na haske da ke shiga cikin inuwa yankin, saboda haka mun kusan ba su lura da ita. Duk da haka, idan akwai wani jam'i na kananan cikas, da nisa tsakanin wanda sune kawai 'yan tsawo daga cikin haske kalaman a hanya, a wannan sakamako zama quite m.

Idan fall na wavefront da dama a kan wani babban guda cikas, "dama" da dacewa daga gare shi, cewa ba zai tasiri a sauran yankin na wavefront. Idan akwai mai yawa kananan cikas a hanyar, shi ne modified da diffraction haka da cewa yada daga cikin haske shãmaki, sunã da wata qualitatively daban-daban kalaman gaban.

A canji ne da karfi da cewa, ko da haske ta fara yada a cikin wasu shugabanci. Sai dai itace cewa diffraction yale mu mu maida asali wavefront a wani sosai bayyana daga gare ta. Saboda haka, diffraction - ginshikai da abin da muka samu sabon wavefront. The na'urar aka bayyana a sama ta kafa shi, kira a matsayin wata diffraction grating. Za mu gaya more game da shi.

diffraction grating

Wannan shi ne wani karamin farantin da wani ajiye a kanta bakin ciki a layi daya mike shanyewar jiki (Lines). Suna spaced baya da wani ta dari ko ma wani dubbai a millimeter. Abin da ya faru idan Laser katako a kan ta hanyar gana da tashar wutar lantarki wadda ta ƙunshi wani yawan mai hazo da duhu da haske makada? Sashe na daga shi zai wuce kai tsaye ta hanyar da sanduna, da kuma wasu - curl. Kamar wancan kafa biyu sabon bim wanda fita da grating a wani kwana to asali katako da aka located a garesu na shi. Idan daya yana da wani Laser katako, misali, wani jirgin saman wavefront, biyu kafa ta tarnaƙi na sabon katako zai ma da planar wavefronts. Saboda haka, ta hanyar wucewa ta hanyar wani diffraction grating Laser katako, mu samar da biyu sabon kalaman fronts (lebur). A fili, da diffraction grating za a iya gani a matsayin mafi sauki misali na mai hologram.

hologram Register

Saba da ka'idodi na holography kamata a fara da wani bincike na biyu jirgin kalaman fronts. Hulda, sai suka samar da wani tsangwama juna, wanda aka rubuta a kan wani a sanya a cikin wannan wuri inda akwai wani allo, daukar hoto farantin. Wannan mataki na aiwatar (na farko) a holography aka kira wani Littãfi (ko rikodi) na hologram.

Dawo da image

Muna zaton cewa daya daga cikin jirgin saman taguwar ruwa - A, da kuma na biyu - V. Wato dauke da kalaman, kuma B - batun, cewa an nuna daga cikin abu wanda image yana gyarawa. Yana iya a wata hanya ba, bambanta daga reference kalaman. Duk da haka, a lokacin da samar da hologram aka kafa uku-girma real abu da yawa fiye da hadaddun wavefront haske nuna daga cikin abu.

A tsangwama juna, bayar a kan wani daukar hoto film (ie, wani image na grating), - wannan ne hologram. Yana za a iya sanya shi a cikin hanyar da primary reference katako (Laser katako da ciwon wani jirgin saman wavefront). A wannan yanayin, bangarorin biyu suna kafa 2 sabon kalaman gaban. A farko daga cikinsu shi ne ainihin kwafin abu kalaman gaban wanda farfagandar a cikin shugabanci a matsayin kalaman W. The sama mataki ne da ake kira kerata image.

A holographic tsari

A tsangwama juna, wanda aka halitta da biyu jirgin sama mai jiwuwa tãguwar ruwa ne bayan rikodi a kan daukar hoto farantin ne a na'urar kyale warke da sauran jirgin kalaman haske a game da daya daga wadannan taguwar ruwa. A holographic tsari, ta haka ne yana da wadannan matakai: rajista da kuma m "ajiya" na kalaman gaban da manufarsu a cikin wani nau'i na hologram (tsangwama juna) da kuma ta reconstitution a kowane lokaci bayan da nassi ta hanyar da reference kalaman hologram.

Subject wavefront iya zahiri zama wani. Alal misali, zai iya yiwuwa a nuna daga wani real abu, yayin da idan shi ne mai jiwuwa reference kalaman. Kafa ta kowane biyu wavefronts da ciwon jituwar, da tsangwama juna - wannan shi ne wani na'urar cewa ba ka damar maida saboda da diffraction na daya daga wadannan fronts a cikin sauran. Wannan shi ne inda boye key zuwa sabon abu na holography. Dennis Gabor fara gano wannan dukiya.

A kallo image generated da hologram

A zamaninmu, shi ya fara da za a yi amfani da wani musamman na'urar for karanta holograms - holographic majigi. Yana ba ka damar maida wani image daga kashi biyu zuwa uku-girma. Duk da haka, don duba wani sauki hologram, holographic majigi ba a bukata. A takaice bayyana yadda za a magance irin images.

Don tsayar da na farko hologram image aka kafa, wajibi ne su sanya shi a nesa na 1 mita daga ido. Ta hanyar diffraction grating bukatar ya duba a shugabanci a cikin abin da jirgin saman taguwar ruwa (mayar da) yana fitowa daga gare shi. To, yãya daidai jirgin tãguwar ruwa shigar da ido na tsaro, holographic image ne ma lebur. Yana bayyana a gare mu kamar yadda idan "blank bango" cewa a ko'ina haskaka haske da ciwon guda launi kamar yadda daidai Laser. Tun da takamaiman ãyõyi wannan "Wall" aka hana, ba shi yiwuwa domin sanin yadda ya zuwa yanzu shi ne. Kamar yadda idan ka duba a located a rashin iyaka a kan garun, amma ba za ka iya ganin kawai daga gare shi, wanda shi ne zai yiwu a ga ta kananan "taga" cewa shi ne mai hologram. Saboda haka, a hologram - An ko'ina hasken surface a kan wanda ba za mu iya ganin wani abu na kirki da hankali.

A diffraction grating (hologram) yale mu mu tsayar da 'yan sauki effects. Suna iya nuna yin amfani da holograms da sauran irin. Wucewa ta cikin diffraction grating, hasken katako ne tsaga, forming biyu sabon masaƙa. Amfani da Laser bim na iya haskaka kowane diffraction grating. A radiation ya zama mai launi daban-daban daga cewa amfani a cikin rikodi. A kwana na da launi katako lankwasawa dogara a kan abin da launi ya na da. Idan shi ne ja (da dogon-zango), da irin wannan katako ne tankwasa a wata mafi girma kwana fiye da blue katako, wanda yana da karami zango.

Ta hanyar grating iya tsallake cakuda dukkan launuka, watau fari. A wannan yanayin, kowane launi bangaren na hologram bends ƙarƙashin da kansa kwana. A fitarwa bakan da aka kafa kama da halitta Prism.

Jeri na grating Lines

Shanyewar jiki na grating ya kamata a yi sosai kusa da juna cewa shi ne m lankwasawa haske haskoki. Alal misali, zuwa curvature na ja katako ta 20 ° ne cewa wajibi ne da nisa tsakanin GROOVES ba ya wuce 0,002 mm. Idan suka sanya more a hankali, a ray haske fara tanƙwara ko fiye. Domin "rubuta" a ba raga farantin ake bukata, wanda zai iya rikodin haka bakin ciki sassa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ne wajibi ne don farantin karfe a kan aiwatar da daukan hotuna da kuma zauna gaba daya m lokacin rajista.

A hoto za a iya smeared yawa har ma a motsawarsa, sosai domin shi zai zama gaba daya indistinguishable. A wannan yanayin, muna ganin babu tsangwama juna, kamar wani gilashi farantin kan ta dukan surface gaba ɗaya baki ko launin toka. Hakika, a cikin wannan yanayin, ba za su buga wasan diffraction effects generated da wani diffraction grating.

Transmissive kuma na nuna hologram

Mun yi nazarin diffraction grating ake cewa mai watsa, saboda shi abubuwa a cikin haske ta hanyar wucewa ta. Idan dalili na raga layi ba a kan m farantin, da kuma a kan surface na madubi, za mu sami diffraction grating reflectivity. Ya nuna haske a kusurwoyi mabambanta na launi daban-daban. Haka kuma, akwai biyu m azuzuwan na holograms - na nuna da kuma transmissive. Da farko lura a nuna haske, da kuma na biyu - a wucewa.