Harshen Uighur Khanate: da tarihi, da tsawon zama, da Lalacewar

A cikin ƙarni, tarihi ya san da yawa daga jihohi, bambanta a heyday girma da kuma soja ikon, amma shi ne kama da duniya mataki bisa la'akari da wadanda ko wasu haƙiƙa dalilai. Wasu sun sunk zuwa gushewa, da barin wani alama na da sauran ajiyar da aka adana a cikin matani na rubutun d¯a. Daya daga wadannan shine Ugiranci Khanate, wanda ya wanzu a Sabunta-IX ƙarni a kan ƙasa na Asiya ta tsakiya.

Mutane a kan "high kuraye"

Long kafin a Asiya ta tsakiya ya bayyana Ugiranci Khanate, sai ya shiga tribal alliance aka sanannu ne a kasar Sin. A farko ambaci shi ake samu a rubuce records na Celestial Empire, halitta a cikin IV karni. Su Uyghurs kaddamarda lokaci, magana kamar "gaogyuy", wanda yake nufin "tsayi wagon".

Wannan sunan da suka samu domin su al'ada na motsi a fadin steppe a kuraye da high ƙafafun. Sin chroniclers bayyana Uighurs matsayin undersized, amma musamman karfi da kuma Hardy mutane, bambanta da matsananci zaluntar da kuma hadama. An kuma lura da fasaha a horsemanship kuma mallaki wani baka.

Samuwar wani sabon Khanate

A ƙasa sanaki kabilan Ugiranci Khanate, ko, a cikin wasu kalmomi, Khanate, wanda ya bayyana a cikin tsakiyar Sabunta karni, a baya karni, akwai abubuwa uku da wasu farkon-nomadic ilimi. A farko daga cikin wadannan shi ne Khanate, kafa a cikin shekara 323 a cikin Khangai dutsen fuska, da aka ayi a kan ƙasar na da zamani Mongolia.

Bayan wanzu for babu fiye da shekaru 200 da haihuwa, ya ba hanya zuwa na biyu Kaganate ma bai tsaya a kan tarihi mataki, da kuma a 603 cikin halakar da kabilu Turks, karkashin jagorancin shugaba na HALITTAR Ashinov. An hada uku tribal ilimi - Basmil, Karluk da Uighurs. Kasancewa a cikin m lamba tare da kasar Sin, sun ba kawai ya zama sãshensu waliyyai ne, amma kuma aro mafi kyau, a lokacin, da administrative tsarin.

A farkon tarihin Ugiranci Khanate aka dauke su 745 years old, a sakamakon m intertribal gwagwarmaya kwace mulki kabila shugaban na HALITTAR Yaglakar mai suna Bilge (siffarta a kasa). Shi da kansa ya kasance mai Harshen Uighur, kuma domin wannan dalilin, jihar halitta su don samun nasu, suka tafi a cikin tarihi na sunan.

A ciki tsarin Ugiranci Jihar

Wajibi ne a biya haraji ga mai mulkin: Ugiranci Khaganate ya halitta a kan ka'idojin demokradiya isa kuma ta sha bamban daga jahilci kwastan na zamanin. Bilge asali administrative ayyuka danƙa ga wakilan da goma danginsu, kafa kabilar toguz Oguz, wanda ya zama wani abu, amma ba rinjaye a jihar.

Basmil tilasta don murkushe da juriya, ya ba su wannan 'yancin da kakanninsu yan'uwan. Ko a kananan al'umma kamar Kibi Tongra, hun, fadan wasu da dama kuma, aka ɗauke shi zuwa cikin janar yanayi kan daidai gabãtarwar. A lokacin da ya kan ashirin da shekaru 'gwagwarmaya da Karluk Ugiranci Khanate, wanda dade yayyanke Bilge bayan mutuwar su, kuma aka farke da toguz-Oguz, gano kansu a cikin wannan tattali da tsani.

Wannan nau'i na ciki na'urar samar da shi a farko ya ishe kwanciyar hankali. Kananan kabilu a lokaci guda suna da wannan hakkin a matsayin manyan kabilar Ugiranci Khanate. The yaki tare da Turks, sauran nomadic abokai kawai ƙarfafa wannan jam'iyya.

Domin ya fare Bilge Khan ya zaba site aka located tsakanin gindin Rataya da kogin Orkhon. A general, dukiyarsa, da iyaka da kasar Sin, yamma rufe Dzungaria - gagarumin a unguwan da ƙasa na Asiya ta tsakiya, da kuma a gabas - bangare na Manchuria. Domin kara yankin samu Uighurs bai nemi. By tsakiyar Sabunta karni steppe mutane da gaji daga baya tunkaro.

The magaji ga m ikon

Bayan rasuwar Bilge Khan, bi a 747 shekara, da m iko a cikin Ugiranci Khaganate shige wa ɗansa Mayanchuru, amma su hereditary dama ya ya kare a wani mummunan yaki. A karshe zamani ta sarautar mahaifinsa aka alama da zargin wani kusa da 'yan adawa da'irori m tare da kafa hanya da kuma jira don a samu daman a yi tawaye.

Shan amfani da mutuwa da mulki, shi ya tsokani wani tawaye tsakanin shugabanni da Basmil Kurluk, game da shi girka wani yakin basasa. Ba da ciwon da wani yiwuwar zuwa murkushe juriya, Mayanchur aka tilasta koma ga taimakon baki - da Tatars da kidonyan. Duk da haka, masana tarihi sun bayyana cewa, muhimmiyar rawa a cikin nasara ƙarshe na yaki ya buga wa ikon samun duk wuya lokuta daidaitawa.

Approving haka ta daukaka, Mayanchur tafi zuwa ga tsari na jihar. Ya fara ne da halittar mobile da kuma horar da kyau sojojin. Yana da wani primary larura kamar yadda Ugiranci Khanate wanzu a lokacin yaki, kullum haskakã cikin Asiya ta tsakiya. Amma, sabanin mahaifinsa, matasa m sanya kowane kokarin fadada su Holdings.

Soja kamfen Mayanchura

Saboda haka, a farkon 750, ya kama da headwaters na Yenisei River, nasara kabilar zaune a can suka kula da mu, da kuma a cikin fall ci Tatars, selivshimsya a Yammacin Manchuria. A shekara, ya nasarar da aka kara Kyrgyzstan ƙasar, kẽwayesu a kan arewa maso yammacin kan iyakoki na Khanate. Ci gaba da al'adar mahaifinsa, Mayanchur ya wakilan hore mutanen su daidaita hakkokin tare da sauran al'ummar jihar.

An muhimmanci mataki a cikin tarihi na Ugiranci Khanate tana samar da su soja taimakon wakilin kasar Sin ta zamanin daular Tang. Gaskiyar ita ce, a 755, daya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Sin Army-An Lushan tayar da jagoranci da yawa detachment, kafa yafi na Turks, kama biyu da babban birnin kasar na Celestial Empire - Chang'an da Luoyang. A sakamakon haka, da Sarkin sarakuna da wani zabi, amma don neman taimako daga abokai Uighurs.

Mayanchur karɓa kira zuwa, sau biyu aika zuwa kasar Sin da rundunar 5 dubu. Ma'aikata kuma kusan 10000th karin sojojin. Wannan ajiye a zamanin daular Tang, kuma taimaka mata ta rike a kan mulki, amma ga sabis na bayar da Uighurs, ya biya a cikin zinariya.

More babban Jimlar biya ga Sarkin sarakuna wa kare ya fita daga ƙasar China, da kuma daina looting. A soja aiki don mayar da oda a cikin kasashen kasar ne musamman wadãtar Khanate da kyau tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin.

A tallafi na Manichaean addini

Wani muhimmin mataki a cikin tarihi na Ugiranci Khanate zo, bisa ga wannan Sin tarihin, a 762, da kuma ya ba da alaka da soja nasarori da mutãnensa tuntužar da Manichaean bangaskiya. Ta wa'azi ta zama wani mishan yi magana a sarari Uighurs Sogdian harshe da kuma sadu da su a lokacin da wani kari a cikin Celestial Empire.

Addini na Mani, ko in ba haka ba Manichaeism samo asali a cikin III karni a Babila, da sauri samu mabiyansa a duniya. Ba tare da faruwa a cikin cikakken bayani game da ta rukunan, mu lura kawai cewa a arewacin Afirka da tallafi na Kristanci, Manichaeism wa'azi gaba Saint Augustine, a Turai shi ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa Albigensian karkatacciyar koyarwa, da kuma sau daya a cikin Iran duniya, koma zuwa Far East.

Zama addinin jihar na Uighurs, Manichaeism ba su da wani iko impetus zuwa fuskanta zuwa ga wayewa. Saboda shi ya da nasaba, da al'adu, da mallakar mafi m Sogd jihohin dake tsakiyar Asiya, da Sogdian harshen zo a cikin yin amfani a kan wani par da Turkic Uighurs da ya ba da damar da za su haifar da nasu kasa wallafe-wallafe. Ya yarda da dabbanci jiya ya shiga cikin al'adun Iran, sa'an nan dukan da Rum.

A halin yanzu, gada daga cikin sau da jahili kwastan na Ugiranci Khanate, duk da amfani effects na sabon addini da kuma kafa al'adu dangantaka, sun fi mayar zauna guda, da kuma tashin hankali ne hanyar warware matsaloli da yawa. An sani musamman cewa a cikin biyu daban-daban lokaci na lokaci mai mulki ta fadi daga kisan gillar, kuma daya kashe kansa, ana kewaye da wani taro na Masu zanga-zangar.

Tuva ne wani ɓangare daga cikin Harshen Uighur Khanate

A tsakiyar karni Sabunta da Uighurs sau biyu yunkurin kama ƙasa na zuwa Tuva, da kuma kokarin mallake kabilan suka rayu a can suka kula da mu. Shi kuwa yana da wuya, domin sun kasance a cikin ƙawance da arewacin makwabta - Kyrgyzstan - kuma sunã dõgara a kan goyon baya. Kamar yadda mafi masu bincike, cewa taimakon makwabta ya sa kasawa na Uighurs da su shugaban Moyun-Chura lokacin farko da yaƙin neman zaɓe.

Kawai shekara guda daga baya, a sakamakon nasarar da a yakin na River Bolchu, Harshen Uighur sojojin gudanar da cin nasara da juriya na Kyrgyzstan suka kula da mu da kuma sãshensu waliyyai. Don karshe sami wani qafafunku a cikin nasara da ƙasa, Moyun-Chura umurce su da su gina jerin kufaifan da kuma tsaron gida Tsarin, kazalika da kafa soja ƙauyuka akwai. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na Ugiranci Khanate Tuva shi har zuwa ya fall, a matsayin arewa maso yammacin karkata daga jihar.

Rikice-rikice da Celestial Empire

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni Sabunta, muhimmanci tsananta dangantakar da kasar Sin Khanate. Musamman m ne sau daya a cikin 778 a shekara ta ikon akwai zo zuwa ga Sarkin sarakuna Detszun (ya hoton da ke ƙasa), shi ne sosai maƙiya a cikin Uighurs da ba la'akari da shi wajibi ne don boye su antipathy. Hakkokin a wadannan shekaru, a kaganate Idigan Khan, so tilasta shi a cikin biyayya, suka taru, da sojoji da kuma kai hari a arewacin yankuna na kasar.

Duk da haka, ya ba su gane cewa, a cikin shekaru tun sa'an nan, a matsayin Uighurs ajiye hakkin a kasar Sin daular Tang, kasar Sin ta yawan karu da kusan mutane miliyan, sabili da haka, ya karu da girman da sojojin. A sakamakon ta soja kasada ƙare a gazawar da kuma shi za kawai exacerbate juna kiyayya.

Duk da haka, jim kadan bayan haka yaki tare da Tibet tilasta Sin sarki don neman taimako ga Ugiranci ƙi shi, da kuma waɗanda suke na fee don samar da shi tare da wani karfi isasshe contingent na sojojin. Amma tace a karfi shekara uku a jihar Tibet da kuma tsoma baki tare da su kai hari a kan Arewa da kasar Sin, da Uighurs samu daga ta m wani m adadin na zinariya, amma a lokacin da ya koma gida bayan da yaki, da fuskantar da wani m matsala.

Fara daga ciki jayayya

By mika wani yaƙin neman zaɓe, da sojojin Idigan Khan bai gane cewa daga cikin kabilan cewa sanya up da yawan Khanate, da yawa ba kawai nuna juyayi tare da kabilar Tibet, amma kuma da jini dangantaka tare da su. A sakamakon haka, dawo da nasara daga kasashen waje asashe, su aka tilasta Uighurs a gida don kashe da tarzoma ta barke a duk faɗin wuri, ya kaddamar da Karluk da Turgish.

Ba jima yana da Khanate Warriors murkushe su juriya, kamar yadda a baya na su tayar Kyrgyzstan adana har zuwa wannan lokaci mulkin kai, amma ya yi amfani da rikicin siyasa don kammala rabuwa. A 816, da halin da ake ciki halitta a sakamakon ciki rikice-rikice, ya yi amfani da Tibet, ya fita ba da bege ga daukar fansa ga 'yan shan kashi na Uighurs. Don daidaita lokacin da babban sojojin na Khanate, ya halarci a cikin danniya na tawaye, shi ne a arewacin kan iyakar jihar, sun kai hari kan babban birnin kasar na Karakorum Uighuria kuma looting duk abin da suka iya kawo, ya ƙone ta.

Addini wars share Khanate

The m Lalacewar Ugiranci Khanate, ya zo a tsakiyar IX karni, da gudummawar da kara a kowace shekara aware jin zuciya daga cikin kabilan mallakar shi. An muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fitarwa na addini bambance-bambance wasa, tare da kawai da Uighurs zama babban abu a duniya a ƙiyayya.

Yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa Ugiranci Khanate wanzu a lokacin da lokacin da cikin steppe al'umma na Asiya ta tsakiya wani tsari na canji na addini. Makiyaya aro addini Outlook, yafi daga Iran, Syria da kuma Arabia, amma da ta faru sosai a hankali, ba tare da wani matsin lamba daga waje. Saboda haka, sannu a hankali ya dauki tushen daga gare su Nestorian Kiristanci, Islam, addinin Buddha da kuma theistic (na addinin Buddha, wanda ya fahimci Mahaliccin dukan sararin samaniya). A lokuta inda mutum nomadic kabilu ya zama dogara da more iko da makwabta, su kawai bukaci biyan haraji, da kuma bai yi kokarin canza dukan kewayon da ganewarsu.

Amma ga Uighurs, sun yi kokarin tilasta al'ummai biya, suka kasance wani ɓangare na jihar, Manichaeism, domin da yawa m, kuma m saboda kasa a lokacin na ci gaba. A wannan manufofin da suka za'ayi a game da jĩkõki, da wanda ya kasance wanda aka azabtar da kai hari, sami kansu rinjayi su. Ba gamsu da kawai samu haraji Uighurs tilasta su su bari saba hanya na rayuwa da kuma daukar Manichaeism, samar da shi da keta psyche ya vassals.

A farkon da mutuwa na jihar

Wannan aiki ya kai ga cewa ba kawai mutunci amma kuma da sosai kasancewar Uighuria kullum barazana da wani girma yawan ciki da waje makiya. Jimawa arangama da Kyrgyzstan Karluk kuma ko da Tibet ya dauki a kan halin addini yaƙe-yaƙe. Duk wannan ya kai ga cewa ta hanyar da tsakiyar IX karni girma Ugiranci Khanate a baya.

A weakening na da zarar iko Jihar amfana Kyrgyzstan kãma a 841, ya babban birnin kasar Karakorum da sata duk cikin taskar da yake a cikin ta. Mutane da yawa masu bincike sun jaddada cewa, shan kashi na Karakoram a kan muhimmancin da effects ya yi daidai da faduwar da Konstantinoful a shekara to 1453 sun.

A karshe Ugiranci Khanate rushewarta a karkashin mãsu alãma daga hordes na kasar Sin, wanda ya kai hari da shi a cikin 842 da kuma tilasta wa Hon sãshensu waliyyai ne ga koma baya har zuwa iyakar Manchuria. Amma irin wannan dogon gudu bai ajiye hallaka Army. Kyrgyzstan khan, to koyi cewa Uighurs sun samu mafaka a cikin garũruwa na da Tatars, ya zo tare da wani babbar rundunar soja, da kuma sa a kashe duk wanda ya iya har yanzu ɗaukar makamai.

Kwatsam ta'adi daga kasar Sin ya bi ba kawai soja da siyasa da ayyuka, amma kuma da nufin kayar Manichaeism, wanda kara paves hanya don yada addinin Buddha. Mukhtar Maniyev duk addini da littattafai da aka hallaka, da kuma dukiya canjawa wuri zuwa ga ministocin da sadaukarwa a fadar taskar.

A karshe yi na wasan kwaikwayo

Duk da haka, labarin ya ba ƙare tare da Uighurs. Bayan da shan kashi na su da zarar iko jihar su har yanzu gudanar a 861, sõyayya a kusa da karshe na daular Qing wadda ta mulki baya Yaglakara, ƙirƙirar kananan sarauta a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin, da yankin na lardin Gansu. Wannan sabuwar ilimi ya zama wani ɓangare na Celestial Empire talakansa hakkin.

Ga wasu lokaci da Uighurs dangantaka da su sabon Masters sun kwantar da hankula isa, musamman tun lokacin da suka kai a kai biya haraji sa. Suna ko a yarda a ci gaba da ba da yawa sojojinsa su tare hare-hare na m makwabta - Karluk kabilu, da kuma yagmy Chigils.

Lokacin da ka karfin da bai isa ya zo da taimakon da dakarun gwamnati. Amma daga baya da Sarkin sarakuna na kasar Sin, zargin da Uighurs a cikin fashi da tarzoma, hana su, su kariya. Wannan a 1028 amfana daga kusa da Tunguses Tibet da kuma Uighurs mallaki ƙasar, ya sa an kawo karshen sarauta. Wannan kammala labarin Ugiranci Khanate, kamar yadda takaita a cikin wannan labarin.