Geoecology - shi ... Abin da karatu geoecology

Geoecology kimiyya - wani horo a ke dubawa na da lafiyar qasa da labarin kasa. A cikin ta tsarin, mu yi nazarin abun da ke ciki, tsarin da matakai na mutum mazauninsu. Kwararru a wannan filin suna aiki don kare biosphere daga m canje-canje lalacewa ta hanyar mutum tattalin arziki aiki.

batu na binciken

Babban aiki na kwararru a fagen geo-da lafiyar qasa ne a sami wani jayayya tsakanin yawan jama'a, da samar da yanayi. Don yin wannan, da suka yi nazarin samo mutum tasiri a kan yanayi, da na sarari da kuma na boko rarraba da kuma tsanani. Research ne halakar da na halitta yanayin da aka gyara ana kula a kan su kuzarin kawo cikas.

Load a kan geoecosystem - wannan shi ne abin da ake karatu geo-da lafiyar qasa. A saboda wannan dalili, shi na nazarin da mayar da martani daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta to ya shafi fasaha matakai. Masana kimiyya canzawa, hango ko hasashen kuma kimanta anthropogenic tasiri. A sakamakon aikinsu, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne shiri na shawarwari, wanda ya fita da yadda mafi kyau don amfani GEOECOSYSTEM.

a kimiyya

Daga cikin ra'ayi na kimiyya rarrabuwa na geo-da lafiyar qasa - qasa ne duk karamin sashe (wani lokacin kira megaekologiey). Kamar yadda da kowane horo, shi yana da takamaiman abu na binciken. A wannan yanayin geoecology mafi girma matsayi matakin kunsa (msl ɓangaren duniya, Muciya, biome, teku).

Akwai sauran kimomi wuri da horo na kimiyya. Bugu da kari, geo-da lafiyar qasa - labarin kasa ne na huɗu sashe (tare da tattalin arziki, ta jiki da zamantakewa). Amma dai ba duka. Geoecology an lauye da binciken kasa - shi ke karanta ma'aunan kasa muhalli da kuma da dangantaka da sauran kafofin watsa labarai, ciki har da hydrosphere, yanayi da kuma biosphere. Wannan binciken assesses da mutum tasiri a kan duk daga gare su.

iyakar horo

Gaskiyar cewa karatu geo-da lafiyar qasa, daban-daban na tsari yanayi (wadannan su ne, misali, da hulda da abiotic yanayi da kuma rayayyun kwayoyin halitta). Musamman, masana kimiyya sun gabatar da wani sabon wa'adi ga wannan kimiyya. Wannan GEOECOSYSTEM wanda results daga hulda da hydrosphere, biosphere da kuma yanayi na lithosphere. Har ila yau, shi yana gani kamar yadda wani samfurin na karo na dabi'a da kuma al'umma. A sakamako ne bayyanar da hulda bude da kuma rufe geoenvironmental tsarin.

Kamar kowane sauran iyaka horo, wannan kimiyya amfani da bincike hanyoyin daban-daban yanayi. Geoecology - wani tsarin da cewa ba za a iya bayyana ta daya kawai nuna alama, wanda ke nufin cewa a cikin wannan harka bukatar hadewa a fannin binciken kasa, labarin kasa, yanayi da kuma sauran yankunan da mutum ilmi.

Global kuma duniya matsala

Karatu yanayin kasa da kuma Geo gano iri biyu matsaloli. Su za a iya raba duniya da kuma duniya. Na farko da kungiyar hada da matsaloli da shafi dukan ecosphere (misali - da greenhouse sakamako). By duniya irin aka maimaita mummunan halin a daban-daban versions. Wadannan sun hada da rage daga cikin bambancin da rayuwa a duniya da kuma halakar da lemar sararin samaniya Layer na duniya.

Musamman da hankali ga labarin kasa da kuma geo-da lafiyar qasa Sashen biya zuwa matsaloli na ƙasa ƙasƙanci. Tabarbarewar ta ingancin take kaiwa zuwa wani karu a haihuwa. Matsayin mai mulkin, da wulakanci ya sa ta mutum tattalin arziki aiki. Duk da haka, ta hanyar da zai iya bauta wa a matsayin halitta factor (landslides, mahaukaciyar guguwa, volcanic eruptions, da sauransu. D.).

bincike ka'idodin

A geoecologists bincike yana da dama key ka'idojin. A farko daga gare su - da yankin. Yana daukan la'akari da gida geo-muhalli da yanayi. Historical manufa dogara ne a kan wani bincike na cikin Sanadin da samuwar da tsarin da kuma yanayi na ta ci gaba. A cikin binciken masana ma la'akari da tsarin, kuzarin kawo cikas da kuma aiki tafiyar matakai. Daya daga cikin tushe na wannan bincike shi ne wuri mai faɗi da taswirar.

Geo-da lafiyar qasa da muhalli da kuma iyakar da su kimiyya ba zai iya watsi da hanya factor. Masana kimiyya biya mai girma da hankali ga boko da na sarari alamu ne na wuri mai faɗi da kuma dukan yanayi a general. An muhimmiyar rawa aka buga da abin da ake kira tasa manufa. A cewar shi, da bincike na da muhimmanci hydrogeological jihar, da samar da makamashi juyi da abubuwa da kuma kafofin watsa labaru.

Concepts da kuma ra'ayoyin

A msar tambayar tushen geo-da lafiyar qasa yana dauke da manufar muhalli al'umma, ci gaba a cikin XIX karni masanin Karl Moebius. Wannan kalma tana nufin totality of halittu masu rai a wannan muhalli da yanayi. Duk wani Institute of Environmental Geoscience mayar da hankali a kan matsalolin kamar Gwargwadon cover, al'amarin, shimfidar, noosphere, geosystem ra'ayi, manufar geotechnical tsarin.

A msar tambayar kafuwar tarbiyya ta ɓullo da godiya ga biyu iyaye sciences, da kuma su ci gaba a karshe rabin karni. Saboda da labarin kasa Geoecology ya ɓullo da wani m ra'ayi na halitta dangantaka da kuma rawar da mutum geocomponent, Concepts na bambantawa da kuma hadewa. Muhimmanci shi ne wani gefe zuwa wannan tsabar kudin. Lafiyar Qasa kawo a cikin geoecology sharuddan noosphere da Muciya, imani tsarin for wurare dabam dabam na abubuwa da kuma muhalli da ingancin.

The abubuwan da ake bukata ga mai kimiyya

The mutum ra'ayoyi ne na hali na geo-da lafiyar qasa, inda ya bayyana ma kafin ta faru. Saboda haka, babban Birtaniya tattalin arziki na XVIII karni Adam Smit diddigin daki-daki, ga albarkatun matsayin tushen kasa dũkiya. Ya takwararta Thomas Ra'ayinsa a 1798, watakila karo na farko da ya yi kokarin rubuce fahimci hatsarin da muhalli rikicin lalacewa ta hanyar karancin abinci zai iya zama. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, ga kimiyya a tambaya yana da muhimmanci sosai sabon abu na sake zagayowar kwayoyin halitta. Da farko karatu wanda ya rayu a karni na XIX Yustah Liebig haka substantiate ka'idar ma'adinai abinci mai gina jiki na shuke-shuke.

A kan ci gaban geo-da lafiyar qasa tasiri ga muhimman hakkokin aikin na Charles Darwin ta "Origin of Species" (1859), kazalika da littafin da American geographer George Perkinsa Marsha "Man and Nature" (1864). Yana da wannan bincike daya daga cikin na farko ya bayyana bukatar hani a kan tattalin arziki da aiki, da yanayi.

Rasha masanin kimiyya Alexander Voeikov a 1891 ya bayyana hanyoyin da za a magance m halitta mamaki (bushe iskõki, frosts, fari, da sauransu. D.). Kamar yadda cigaba, ya samarwa ruwa reclamation da afforestation. Farfesa na St. Petersburg University Vasily Dokuchaev a 1903 kammala cin kan rukunan, a cikin abin da ta gani a matsayin halitta-tarihi jiki. Duk wadannan ayyuka suna daga baya taka rawa wajen ci gaban na geo-da lafiyar qasa.

Asalin Geoecology

A tarihin nazarin labarin kasa, geo-da lafiyar qasa, yawon shakatawa da kuma sauran related tarbiyya da na kowa asalinsu. Su za a iya gano a mayar, idan kun hankali dubi juyin halitta daga kimiyya a XX karni. Ana zargin geo-da lafiyar qasa hade tare da fitowan na wuri mai faɗi da lafiyar qasa da cewa ya faru a shekara ta 1939. The kafa wannan horo da aka Carl Troll. Ya yi karatu da sauyin yanayi, topography, ciyayi, da kuma dangantakar daban-daban na halitta dalilai. Wannan Troll buga manufar wuri mai faɗi da lafiyar qasa, wanda a translation daga Jamus a cikin harshen Turanci aka canza a cikin ma'aunan kasa yanayi ko geoecology.

Biyu-lokaci a fili nuna da ainihi. A sabon horo Carl Troll bincike hada da ra'ayoyin biyu. Daya (kwance) ne ga nazarin halitta mamaki da kuma su interactions, da kuma sauran (a tsaye) dangane da wani binciken na su dangantaka a cikin yanayin kasa. New kimiyya ya zama counterweight zuwa sa'an nan riga data kasance tarbiyya. Alal misali, geoecology sosai daban-daban daga nazarin halittu yanayi, wanda ya raba tsarin (Kare Mahalli na dabbobi, shuke-shuke, kwayoyin da kuma kama. D.). Brainchild na Carl Troll hankali fadada iko a shekarar 1960. a karkashin wurin buga geoecology adam tattalin arziki aiki da kuma da tasiri a kan mai faɗi da kuma muhalli.