Gas fadama: da ake ji kuma dabara

A tsere gas daga kasa kududdufai - fadama gas odorous (more Generic sunan - methane). Daga kimiyya ra'ayi shi siffofin, hydrogenous ko methyl. Domin mafi part kunshi methane (CH _4). Yana iya kuma zama ba, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, phosphine da carbon dioxide.

key siffofin

Standard abun da ke ciki, da sinadaran dabara fadama gas - duk wannan fili yana nuna cewa nasa ne da sauki carbon mahadi. Around wannan kashi suna harhada sauran gyara. Marsh gas faruwa ta halitta a cikin free jihar a matsayin wata cakuda da carbon dioxide, ko nitrogen. Yana auku saboda da bazuwar kwayoyin abubuwa. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne makale a karkashin ruwa da kuma hana samun iska shuka.

Coal mahakar - wani wuri inda kafa combustible fadama gas. Ya accumulates tsakanin duwatsu bayan da bazuwar kwayoyin sharan. Wannan yana yuwuwa ta da yawa voids. Irin wannan gas an ja lokacin da daidaituwa tasowa rami.

wurare na ilimi

Duk da fairly unambiguous sunan, fadama gas (ko kuma wajen, methane) tsaye a waje ko da daga ƙasa fasa kusa da filayen man fetur. A farko wannan lokuta da aka ruwaito a cikin United States of America, a kan bankunan na Allegheny River, kazalika da a Rasha a cikin Caspian yankin. A Baku, saboda wannan dalilin, na dogon lokaci akwai wani labari game da m fitilu a Baku. Halitta mamaki da aka gauraye da carbon dioxide, nitrogen da kuma man vapors fadama gas.

Tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma hakar ma'adinai da fasaha, mutane koya wa maimaita saki methane. A farko wannan factory bayyana a Pennsylvania. Marsh gas ne halin a cewa an kafa ci gaba, ana iya gano a wani fadama ko kandami. Sau da yawa, domin wannan shi ne quite sauki touch sanda da sludge. Bayan nan, da gas kumfa taso kan ruwa zuwa cikin ruwa surface.

Dalili fadama gas

Samuwar wani babban bangaren da iskar gas (methane) taimako kwayoyin. Saboda su, shi zai fara fermentation na shuka fiber, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da bayyanar da methane. A mafi tsarki methane da aka yi ĩmãni ya zama halayyar da laka volcanoes a Absheron da Kerch Larabawa.

Bugu da kari, shi ya taso a cikin gishiri adibas, marẽmari kuma fumaroles - ramukan da kuma fasa, wanda aka located a gindin volcanoes. Methane ne ba a cikin mutum gut. Its kayayyakin hada exhalation wasu dabbobi. Daya daga cikin na farko da aka rubuta shaida game da wannan al'amari za a iya daukan ayyuka na tsoho marubuci Pliny ambaci gaseous combustible mahadi.

explosiveness

Mafi yawa daga fadama gas da aka sani da nasa hallakaswa Properties. Lokacin da ƙonewa ne a cakuda da iska, shi ya sa wani fashewa. A dalilin wannan ne da kaddarorin methane. Fashewa da fadama gas da kuma irin wannan mahadi ya dade firgita da mutane, don bayyana abin da ke faruwa camfe. A dalilan ga anomaly ya bayyana ne kawai bayan da wani kimiyya binciken wannan sabon abu.

Marsh gas, methane da kuma sauran m fili ya sa mutane ƙirƙirãwa Davy fitila. Yana da aka yi amfani da biyu a cikin Marshes kuma a ci mahakar. A wannan fitilar konewa kayayyakin an cire ta musamman Grid ta hanyar abin da ware da yiwuwar walai daga cikin combustible gas cakuda.

Tarihi na samu

Great taimako ga nazarin fadama gas (methane), ya gabatar da Italian masanin kimiyya Alessandro Volta. A 1776, ya nuna cewa abu ne daban-daban daga hydrogen, tun da shi na bukatar sau biyu more oxygen ga konewa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi Volta ƙaddara cewa fadama gas - tushen carbonic acid.

Italian methane samu a kan iyakar Switzerland da kuma Italiya, kusa da Lake Maggiore. The wahayi zuwa ga masanin kimiyyar an labarin na American masanin kimiyya da siyasa Benjamin Franklin game da sabon abu na "iska-man fetur". Volta farko samu methane tattara gas jefarwa fadama.

ci gaba da bincike

Sauran muhimmanci na halitta sabon abu masu bincike sun Faransa sunadarai Klod Bertolle da kuma Birtaniya sunadarai Uilyam Genri. A karshen su a 1805 m da abun da ke ciki na fadama gas da kuma na rarrabe shi daga ethylene (a da ake kira gas maslorodnogo).

Tatsuniya m abu boye a cikin na asali bangaren - methane. Yana da aka ayyana a matsayin haske hydrocarbon gas (kamar yadda tsayayya wa mãsu nauyi hydrocarbon ethylene gas). A kan lokaci da shi ya zaunar da wani lokaci - hydrogenous methyl. Henry ya ci gaba da karatu Dzhon Dalton da Jens Jakob Berzelius.

A 1813, da Turanci sunadarai da fanning binciken kasa Gemfri Devi bincikar firedamp da kuma ƙarasa da cewa abu - da cakuda methane, carbon dioxide da nitrogen. Kuma haka dai aka tabbatar da cewa wani combustible cakuda da aka saki a mahakar, da ainihi kama cakuda a kan Marshes.

A sakamako a kan yanayi

Halayyar fadama gas methane ya auku saboda wasu sinadaran halayen. Na farko shi ne a bushe barasan kwayoyin halitta (kamar peat ko itace). Chemically m methane da aka shirya da bazuwar tsinkmetila ruwa (haka samar tutiya oxide). Yau, da wannan abu janyo hankalin masu yawa muhalli saboda ta hannu a cikin samuwar da greenhouse sakamako. Wannan shi ne saboda jari na methane a cikin yanayi. Marsh gas garwaya da thermal radiation a infrared na yankin. By wannan siga shi ne na biyu ne kawai zuwa tsarki carbon dioxide. Muhalli kimanta da taimako na methane a inganta greenhouse sakamako a game da 30%.

Properties, abun da ke ciki, da sinadaran dabara fadama gas yanzu ana karatu, a wani nazari na da tasiri a kan yanayi na duniya tamu. The halitta lambobi, samar da yanayi, ya kasance ba hatsari a matsayin hanyar da greenhouse sakamako. Duk da haka, matsalar ta'allaka ne da cewa babbar yawa methane cikin yanayi ta hanyar laifi da mutane da kansu. Analogue fadama gas samar a daban-daban masana'antu. Wannan ake kira abiotic methane. Daya da ya auku a cikin Marshes, dauke biogenic - cewa an tasowa a sakamakon canji na kwayoyin halitta.

methanogenesis

Biosynthesis na methane (kuma inganta da ya faru na fadama gas) kuma ana kiranta methanogenesis. Wannan tsari ya shafi cikin Archaea kwayoyin. Su aerobic, ma'ana ba za su iya samar da makamashi domin rayuwa, ba tare da bukatan oxygen. Archaea da babu membrane da wasu gabbansa da tsakiya.

Kwayoyin cutar samar da methane, tanadi daya-carbon fili via da carbon-carbon mahadi da alcohols. Wata hanya - disproportionation acetate. A generated makamashi ne sāke kwayan enzyme ATP synthase. A methanogenesis da hannu da dama kwayoyin: coenzymes, methanofuran, tetragidrometanopterin da dai sauransu ...

methanogens

Kimiyya sani 17 danginsu da kuma 50 jinsunan archaea iya samar da tushe fadama gas. Sai suka samar da wani m kwayar mazauna. A mafi karatu gene kamar archaea - Methanosarcina acetivorans. Su suna tuba zuwa ga acetates da methane , carbon monoxide, ta amfani da enzymes atsetatkinazy da phosphotransacetylase. Akwai kuma ka'idar cewa wadannan archaea a tsufa za a iya canza kama zuwa wani thioester, bayar da cewa a cikin sa'an nan wanda ya canja yana da wani babban taro na baƙin ƙarfe sulfide.

Dalilin gandun daji gobara

A isasshen yawa watsi da fadama gas, vozgorevshis iya haifar da babbar halitta peat da gandun daji wuta. Yau, akwai wani dukan kewayon fama da irin wannan mamaki. Musamman da sabis hali monitoring na gas mafi Scotland yankunan. Su suke da alhakin yin rigakafi da iko da gwada yawa rabo na gyara yiwuwar m gas.

Alal misali, daya daga cikin dausayi a cikin Moscow yankin ne m Shatursky yankin. A ruwanta ne mai arziki a cikin kifi (irin kifi, perch, gobies, irin kifi, Pike, irin kifi), newts, frogs, macizai, muskrats, da tsuntsaye (herons, bitterns, waders, ducks). Kasusuwan wadannan dabbobi dauke da phosphorus. Yana da aka sarrafa da kwayoyin cuta, to, akwai da dama da sauran abubuwa. Wannan diphosphine da phosphine. Su ne babban initiators na sarkar dauki kwatsam konewa. Fara a cikin wannan hanya gobara - shi ne mai tsanani muhalli matsala. Daga gobara da kona a cikin Marshes, ba kawai da gandun daji amma kuma da peat bogs. Wuta iya yada zurfi a cikin su. Irin wannan peat iya ƙone dukan shekaru.

A Rasha ta riqe game da kashi biyu cikin uku na duniya dausayi. Sun hadu a tsakiyar Turai na Rasha, Western Siberia da kuma Kamchatka. A duka yankin dausayi a Rasha - game da 340 kadada miliyan, 210 na wanda aka rufe da gandun daji murfin. Mafi yawa daga duk gas samar a cikin bazara. A wani lokaci na wani yini a cikin wani yanki na daya hekta iya tsaya ga game da biyu da rabi kilo methane.

Hulda da oxygen da kuma chlorine

Halitta fadama gas, wanda sinadaran dabara - CH _4, da wuya konewa kodadde luminous harshen wuta. A karfi tsãwa da yana daukan wuri a ƙonewa a cakuda dauke 7.8 kundin na iska da kuma 2 girma na oxygen. Gas dan kadan mai narkewa a cikin ruwa (sabanin barasa). Yana reacts na musamman tare da halogens.

By dauki tare da chlorine gas siffofin fadama methyl chloride CH ₃ CL. Wannan abu da aka shirya da dakin gwaje-gwaje da hanyoyin. A saboda wannan dalili, hydrochloride gas da aka shige cikin wani tafasar bayani da barasa da metilnogo zubi tutiya chloride. A sakamakon haka ne colorless iskar gas, wanda aka halin mai dadi wari ether tare da wani zaki da dandano. Karkashin karfi matsa lamba ko sanyaya, shi condenses a cikin wani ruwa.

A amfani da halayen da halogens

Methane (fadama gas), wanda dabara da kuma yin amfani da matsayin habaka karatu a makaranta shirin rayayye interacts da halogens. A sakamakon haka, da wadannan abubuwa canzawa halayen samar da wadannan mahadi: bromide, chloride, fluoride, chloride da fluoride. A karshen su aka farko samu ta hanyar Rasha sunadarai Aleksandrom Butlerovym. Methyl iodide - karfi refracting haske yellowish ruwa. Its tafasar zazzabi - 180 ° C.

Kamar yadda ya kira fadama gas, cikakken gurbinsu da halogens? Wannan carbon tetrachloride. Yana da aka bude da Faransa sunadarai Anri Reno a 1839. Shi ne wani ruwa da halayyar yaji turare. Shi yana da wani m sakamako. Wani irin wannan abu - carbon tetrabromide. An cirewa daga tokar marine shuke-shuke.

Health hadura

By kanta, da fadama methane ne physiologically m. A nasa ne da ba mai guba paraffin hydrocarbons. Wannan rukuni na abubuwa ne halin da sinadaran inertness da low solubility a jini jini. The iska da wani babban taro na fadama gas iya kashe kawai idan ya zai fuskanci wani rashin oxygen.

Harufan ãyõyin shaƙa (asphyxia) bayyana a wani abun ciki na 30% methane. A wannan yanayin, kara girma na numfasawa, zuciya rate rãyar, gaji da damuwa da daidaituwa na tsoka ƙungiyoyi. Amma yiwuwar irin haka ne kadan. Gaskiyar cewa methane ne m fiye da iska, wanda ba zai yale shi ya tara a wuce kima rabbai.

A daidai wannan lokaci, masu bincike danganta da mataki na fadama gas a kan mutum psyche zuwa mataki na diethyl ether. A irin wannan sakamako za a iya daidaita da mai narcotic. A cikin mutane, na dogon lokaci aiki a mahakar da wani babban taro na methane, ya bi sawun canje-canje a cikin autonomic juyayi tsarin (hypotension, tabbatacce oculocardiac reflex da sauransu. D.).