Flemish zanen. Flemish zanen dabara. Flemish makaranta na zanen

Gargajiya art, da bambanci ga zamani avant-garde ƙungiyoyi, ko da yaushe mamaya zukatan masu sauraro. Daya daga cikin mafi m da arziki abubuwan ne duk wanda ya ci karo da ayyukan farkon Netherlandish painters.

Flemish zanen ne halin da labarun almara, wani bore da launuka da m jigogi da cewa an aiwatar a cikin batutuwa.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu ba kawai magana game da ƙayyadaddu na wannan Trend, amma kuma samun matsahi na saba da dabara na rubuce-rubuce, kazalika da mafi mashahuri wakilan da lokaci.

Baroque zanen

A tarihin zanen cikakken gani canje-canje a cikin zaman jama'a da kuma rayuwar siyasa na 'yan adam. Saboda haka na gaisuwa da kuma juyi na zamanin d frescoes m duhu da matattu batutuwa na tsakiyar zamanai.

Baroque ( "quaint, intemperate") wakiltar wani tashi daga haihuwa akidun da kuma m. Yana tunawa duk da kullum da yanayi da kuma halin da lokaci.
A tsakiyar mãkirci, kazalika cikin da Baroque, shi ne wani mutum. Amma yanayin da image zama zurfi, aukaka, mafi idon basira. Har ila yau, akwai gaba ɗaya sabon nau'o'i kamar har yanzu rai, mai faɗi, Genre al'amuran.

Bari mu dubi abin da daidai ne daban-daban Flemish zanen daga sauran kasashen yammacin styles.

Flemish kuma Dutch zanen?

Wadanda sha'awar a Turai art, shi ne da aka sani da irin wannan abu a matsayin Flemish zanen. Idan ka duba a cikin kundin sani, mun koyi cewa Flemish - ne mazauna Flanders, wanda, bi da bi, shi ne mai ba-rana Belgium. Amma lokacin da ya zo ga artists wannan lokaci, mun ga cewa mafi yawansu ba su Dutch.

Akwai halitta tambaya: mene ne bambanci tsakanin Flemish kuma Dutch zanen? A gaskiya, duk abin da yake quite sauki. A karshen karni na sha shida, wato a 1579, arewacin lardunan da Netherlands da warware daga ƙarƙashin rinjayar da Spanish kambi. Yanzu Holland ya kafa a wannan yankin.

Abin lura shi ne cewa al'ada a cikin matasa kasar fara girma a ban sha'awa rates. Its zinariya shekaru dade ba, kawai a karni. Amma aikin wannan Masters kamar yadda Bitrus Paul Rubens, Anton Van Deyk, Yakob Yordans, kuma da dama wasu artists, ya mai flowering na kasa Dutch art. Daga baya, a cikin karni na sha takwas, kasar ta fara zuwa exert mai karfi da tasiri na Faransa al'adu. Saboda haka, ba abin da ainihi ba zai iya magana.

Flemish artists na goma sha bakwai karni har yanzu da wasu daga cikin siffofin na style cewa bambanta su daga Dutch Masters daga sauran sassan kasar.

Na farko, su sansancẽwa vividly idon basira da muradi na Italiya, wanda za mu tattauna daga baya. Abu na biyu, akwai al'amuran a cikin cibiyar wanda akwai ba mythical ko addini al'amuran da yau da kullum labarai daga rayuwar talakawa 'yan ƙasa.

Saboda haka, shi ya bayyana cewa Flemish zanen - shi ne wani wuri mataki a cikin ci gaban Dutch art. Amma babban alama ce ta wannan zamanin ne kasa Dutch motifs, uncomplicated waje tasiri.

Aron daga Italiya jerin dabarun da za a tattauna a kasa, mun kasance kawai dalilin da samuwar wani rarrabe style, amma ba bisa ga ganewarsu.

Tasirin Italian Masters

Kamar yadda za mu gani a nan gaba, da Flemish kuma Dutch zane-zane na karni na sha shida, yana karfi da ya rinjayi Italian artists. M lokaci fara bayan Lucas van Leyden da Pieter Bruegel da Dattijon. A karshen, musamman, da Sahaban kira "baƙauye" ga batutuwa na zane-zane da kuma hotuna na haruffa.

Amma bayan wasu canje-canje da suka faru a cikin harkokin siyasa taswirar Netherlands, fara wani sabon gaba daya zamanin. Flemish zanen, akwai a raba kwarara, ya fara girman kai Maris zuwa na zinariya lokaci na Rubens.

Bologna School, manericheskoe for, Karavadzhizm - wadannan trends zo daga Italiya zuwa wasu kasashen Turai. Sai a wannan mawuyacin halin da shi ne na ƙarshe kin amincewa da na da nagartacce. Yanzu, a cikin zanen suna ƙara fara mamaye tsoho mythological haruffa, mai idon basira scenes na rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma Dutch har yanzu lifes da farauta.

Monumental siffofin, da hankali ga daki-daki, mai haske, kuma m haruffa, Genre al'amuran, gaurayayyen da tsunkule na ci mutumci - wannan shi ne kawai ɓangare na halaye muhimmi a Flemish zanen. Musamman kamar yadda ta tsaye a kan janar Turai art ta coloristic effects.

Dutch Masters wasa tare da dabara na chiaroscuro, riotous juna da haske launuka da kuma m shanyewar jiki. Sun riƙi wani lokaci canonical jigogi da ci gaba su a cikin Genre ko kawo wani burlesque. Su haruffa rayuwa da kuma numfashi. Muna ci gaba da samun Masana da dama artists. Za ka ga yadda ma'ana batutuwa a kan su canvases.

Tarihi ya sani misalai masu yawa na zanen, a lokacin da kerawa da kuma style of aikin na ƙaramin tsara na artists rinjayi siyasa da zamantakewa upheavals a cikin al'umma. Saboda haka, rinjayar Italian Masters da aka wata iska daga sabo iska a cikin sabuwar 'yanci daga rinjayar kontrreformatsionnogo Netherlands.

zanen kayan aiki

Kamar yadda masu bincike suka ce, da dabara na Flemish zanen da aka farko ci gaba da 'yan'uwansa Van Eyck. Amma art tarihi nace a kan cewa da yawa Italian Masters amfani da wadannan guda dabaru da yawa a baya. Bari mu je ba a cikin vicissitudes na gasar, da kuma magana game da fasahar kanta.

Zane rufe da farko fari m share fage. Ya aka bi da sosai a hankali, domin shi ne fari haske inuwa a nan gaba hoto. Bugu da kari, da sauran Paint amfani sosai bakin ciki yadudduka, kyale cikin ƙasa dõmin ya haifar da sakamako Sankiran haske daga ciki.

Kamar sauran zanen dabaru, Flemish yana mai bayyana jerin ayyuka. Da farko halitta "jirgi" - da juna na nan gaba hoto. Shi ne mai m zane, shi ne soke tare da allura tare da tsawon da image shaci. Bayan yin amfani da kwal foda preform ne a hankali primed fassara a cikin takardar.

Bayan da canja wurin da zane, da shiriya, daga ta nan gaba kan iyakoki na hoto rikitarwa man ko tempera. A bakin ciki Layer da haske launin ruwan kasa shafi kasance a ci gaba da ciki haske juna.

Sa'an nan ya zo lokaci na "matattu Paints" (sanyi kuma kodadde launuka da cewa ba sa da wani amfani). Kuma ƙare aiwatar da ake ji a fitacciyar mai haske da kuma arziki launuka da cewa burge talakawa yawon bude ido da kuma ilimi art masoya tun.

Masters karavadzhizma

A XVI, kuma XVII ƙarni da Flemish makaranta na zanen shigarsu sakamakon wani musamman style of Turai art. Karavadzhizm - wani gado na Italian master Mikelandzhelo De Caravaggio. Ya rayu a Roma, kuma ya kasance daya daga Turai ta most Baroque Masters. Modern malaman yi ĩmãni da cewa artist kafa na hakikanci a zanen.

Ya yi aiki a cikin dabara chiaroscuro (haske-inuwa), a cikin abin da bambanci contrasting duhu yankunan da hoton haske. Abin lura shi ne cewa ba a sami wani zane Caravaggio. Ya yi aiki kai tsaye a kan karewa zabin ayyukansu.

Zane-zane na 17th karni a Italiya, Spain da Netherlands amince da sabon aukuwa a matsayin wata iska daga sabo ne iska. A irin wannan dabara da Italiya yi aiki de 'Fiori da Gentileschi Clemente Ribera, Dutch artists Hendrick Ter Brugghen da Barbyuren.
Karavadzhizm ma yana da karfi da tasiri a matakai na waɗannan ayyukansu Masters kamar yadda Bitrus Paul Rubens, Diego Velasquez, Zhorzh De La Tour da kuma Rembrandt.

Wadding karavadzhistov shafi ta zurfin da hankali ga daki-daki. Bari mu magana game da Dutch fenta wanda ya yi aiki tare da wannan dabara.

The sosai farko ra'ayin dauki Hendrick Ter Brugghen. Shi ne a farkon XVII karni, ziyarci Roma, inda ya gana da Manfredi, Gentileschi da Saraceni. A da Dutchman fara Utrecht makaranta da zanen da wannan dabara.

Mãkirci da idon basira zane-zane, suka halin m dara wanda aka nuna al'amuran. Hendrick Ter Brugghen nuna ba kawai da raba lokacin da zamani rai, amma kuma ya sake tunani da na gargajiya naturalism.

Kara ci gaba da na makaranta tafi Honthorst. Ya juya zuwa ga Labarun Littafi Mai Tsarki, amma da mãkirci aka gina tare da mabukaci ra'ayi na Dutch XVII karni. Saboda haka, a cikin zane-zane, muna ganin bayyananne rinjayar chiaroscuro dabara. Yana aiki a ƙarƙashin rinjayar karavadzhistov kawo shi daraja a Italiya. Domin ya Genre scenes by Candlelight, ya sanã'anta da sunan barkwanci "dare".

A bambanci ga Utrecht makaranta, Flemish painters kamar Rubens da Van Dyck bai zama da karfi magoya bayan karavadzhizma. Wannan salon da aka alama a ayyukansu kawai a matsayin mai raba mataki a cikin samuwar sirri style.

Adrian Brouwer da kuma David Teniers

Don ƙarni, zanen Flemish Masters da aka jurewa gagarumin canje-canje. Za mu fara da nazari na artists daga baya, saukarwa, idan akwai wani motsa daga monumental zane-zane don tsallaka niyya batutuwa.

Da farko, Brouwer da Teniers da Matasa da kuma bayan kafuwar kerawa sa al'amuran yau da kullum, rayuwar talakawa Dutch. Saboda haka, Adrian, ci gaba da motifs Pieter Bruegel, 'yan canje-canje na rubuce-rubuce da dabaru da kuma mayar da hankali na ya zane-zane.

Ya mayar da hankali a kan mafi mummuna gefe na rayuwa. Valais ga zane-zane da ya ke neman a rage hayaki taverns da kuma gidajen cin abinci. Duk da haka, hoton Brouwer shafi ta aikewa da zurfin hali. The artist boyewa da babban haruffa a cikin zurfin, fallasa ga farko har yanzu lifes shirin.

A yaki a kan wasa na dan lido ko cards, barci smoker ko mashayin dancing. Waɗannan su ne batutuwa sha'awar a cikin zane-zane.

Amma mafi kwanan nan aikin Brouwer zama taushi, suna da mutumci ne Marinjãyi a kan grotesque da kuma rashin. Yanzu canvases dauke da falsafa da yanayi da kuma gani da jinkirin taki brooding haruffa.

Bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin XVII karni Flemish artists fara girma m a kwatanta da baya ƙarni na artists. Duk da haka, mu kawai ga gwamnatin rikon kwarya daga haske magana da yanci batutuwa na Rubens da Jordaens burlesque zuwa shiru rayuwa na manoma a Teniers da Matasa.

A karshen, musamman, mayar da hankali a kan m lokacin da kauyen bukukuwa. Ya yi kokarin nuna bukukuwan aure da bikin na sauki manoma. Tare da musamman girmamawa a kan waje sassa, da kuma idealization na rayuwa.

Frans Snyders

Kamar yadda Anton Van Dyck, wanda za mu tattauna daga baya, Frans Snyders fara horo tare da Hendrik van Balen. Bugu da kari, shi ne kuma mai jagoranci Piter Breygel Matasa.

Idan akai la'akari da aikin da wannan master, mun hadu da wani facet na art, wanda shi ne don haka mai arziki a cikin Flemish zanen. Snyders zane-zane da bai yi kama da zane-zane da tsaransa. A Faransa ya juya zuwa ga sami wani alkuki da kuma ci gaba da shi zuwa ga Heights na da yarda da juna, master.

Ya kasance mafi kyau a cikin siffar har yanzu rayuwa da kuma dabbobi. Kamar yadda artist-dabba mai zane-zane ya aka sau da yawa gayyace sauran artists, kamar Rubens, ga halittar wasu bangarori na Masterpieces.

A cikin aikin Snyder ya kasance mai hankali motsa daga har yanzu lifes a cikin farkon shekaru da al'amuran na farauta a baya lokaci. Tare da duk ƙunci na hotuna da kuma hotuna na mutane da har yanzu suna da shi a can a kan canvases. Kamar yadda ya zo daga halin da ake ciki?

Yana da sauki, Frans Janssens gayyace don ƙirƙirar images of dayansu, Jordaens da kuma sauran abokai na guild Masters.

Saboda haka, muna ganin cewa art na 17th karni a Flanders nuna iri-irin lokaci na miƙa mulki daga baya dabaru da kuma halaye. Ya zo ba kamar yadda m kamar yadda a Italiya, amma ya ba da duniya quite sabon abu halittun da Flemish Masters.

Yakob Yordans

Flemish 17th karni zane-zane da halin girma da 'yanci kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da baya lokacin. Nan za ka iya ganin ba kawai rayuwa scenes daga rayuwa, amma kuma farkon mutumci. A musamman, Yakob Yordans sau da yawa a yarda da kansa ga yin bit na burlesque a cikin zane-zane.

A aikinsa, ya kai mai tsayi matsayin portraitist, amma duk da haka ya zama kusan mafi kyau a watsa daga cikin hali a cikin hoton. Saboda haka, daya daga cikin babban jerin - "The festivities Bean Sarki" - dangane da zane na almara, m faxin, barkwanci, kuma da faxin. A cikin wadannan zane-zane dake nuna maƙil, gaisuwa, Tsayayyar rai na Dutch jama'a na XVII karni.

Da yake jawabi na Dutch art na zanen wannan zamani, za mu sau da yawa ambaci sunan Peter Paul Rubens. Shi ne ya rinjayar da aka nuna a cikin ayyukansu na mafi yawan Flemish artists.

Jordaens ma ba ya tsere wannan rabo. Ga wasu lokaci ya yi aiki a cikin studio na Rubens, samar da almara a gare zane-zane. Duk da haka, ya juya daga alhẽri ga Yakubu ya yi da dabara tenebrizm da chiaroscuro.

Idan ka duba a Masterpieces na Jordaens, kwatanta su da ayyukan Bitrus da Bulus, mu gani a sarari rinjayar da karshen. Amma Yakubu zane-zane ne mafi dumi launuka, 'yanci da kuma softness.

Peter Rubens

Tattauna da Masterpieces na Flemish zanen, ba a ma maganar Rubens. Peter Paul a cikin rayuwa shi ne furuci master. Ya dauke da wani virtuoso na addini da kuma mythological jigogi, amma ba kasa m iyawa bayyana a cikin art na yanayin fili da hoton.

Ya tashi a cikin iyali da cewa ya fadi a cikin disfavour saboda antics mahaifinsa a cikin matasa. Ba da da ewa su suna da aka mayar da bayan iyaye na mutuwa, Rubens da mahaifiyarsa koma zuwa Antwerp.

A nan, saurayin yana sauri samun da zama dole sadarwa, yin shi da wani page da Countess de Lyalen. Bugu da kari, Bitrus da Bulus ya gana da Tobiya, Verhahtom Van Noort. Amma musamman tasiri a kan shi kamar yadda mai jagoranci taimake Otto Van Veen. Shi ne da artist taka babbar rawa a siffata da nan gaba master of style.

Otto ya m na gargajiya mawallafa, mythology, misalta ayyukan Horace, kuma ya kasance mai connoisseur na Italian Renaissance. Wadannan halaye na wani hali Van Fan kuma ya ba da matasa artist.

Bayan shekaru hudu da horon a Otto Rubens dauki a guild ƙungiya daga artists, sassake da sculptors kira "Kungiya na St. Luka." Yaye, a cewar wani dogon hadisi na Dutch Masters, ya fara tafiya zuwa Italiya. Akwai Peter Paul tsunduma a karatu da kuma kwashe mafi kyau Masterpieces na zamanin.

Ba mamaki, da zane-zane na Flemish artists ta siffofin kama da dabaru na wasu daga cikin Italian Masters na Renaissance.

A Italiya, Rubens rayu kuma ya yi aiki ga wani a san shuni da kuma haraji Vincenzo Gonzaga. Wannan lokaci na kerawa masu bincike kira Mantua, saboda garin da aka mai suna Peter Paul ya zama majiɓinci.

Amma lardin wurin zama da kuma son amfani da shi Gonzaga bai son Rubens. A cikin wasika da ya rubuta cewa kamar yadda kyau iya amfani da Vicenzo hoto sana'a sabis. Bayan shekaru biyu, wani saurayi ya sami patrons da umarni a Roma.

Babban nasara da Roman lokacin da aka ga zanen Santa Maria a Vallicella, da kuma bagaden sufi a Fermo.

Bayan mahaifiyarta ta mutuwa, Rubens koma zuwa Antwerp, inda ya sauri ya zama mafi girma da-biya master. A albashi samu ta hanyar shi a Brussels kotu, a yarda su zauna a cikin grand style, to suna da wani babban taron, da yawa apprentices.

Bugu da kari, Peter Paul kiyaye dangantakar da Order na Jesuits, wanda aka kawo up kamar yaro. Daga su ya samu umarni a ciki na Antwerp Church of St. Karla Borromeya. A nan sai ya sa mafi kyau dalibi - Anton Van Dyck, wanda za mu tattauna a kasa.

Na biyu rabin ransa Rubens ciyar a ofisoshin jakadanci. Gab da mutuwarsa, sai ya sayi qasaita inda jaki, ta ɗauki up da shimfidar wuri da kuma siffar baƙauye rayuwa.

A cikin aikin wannan babban artist an rinjayi musamman ta Titian da Brueghel. Cikin shahararrun ayyukan ne zane-zane "Samson da Delila", "a dorina farauta", "The Fyade na matan Leucippus".

Rubens da irin wannan karfi da tasiri a kan Yammacin Turai zane-zane, da cewa a 1843 a kan Green Square a Antwerp abin tunawa an tashe shi.

Anton Van Dyck

A kotu portraitist, master of yanci da kuma addini jigogi a zanen, da mai zane-zane na Baroque style - duk halaye Antona Van Dyck, mafi kyau dalibi na Bitrus da Bulus Rubens.

Zanen dabaru na Masters kafa a lokacin horar da Hendrik van Balen, wanda ya ba shi wani almajiri. A da shekaru ciyar a cikin wannan artist ta bita a yarda Anton sauri samun gida daraja.

A goma sha huɗu, ya rubuta na farko fitacciyar goma sha biyar ya bude ya fara shop. Sabõda haka, a wani wuri shekaru Van Deyk Antwerp zama Celebrity.

A sha bakwai Anton yarda da guild na St. Luka, inda ya zama wani almajiri a Rubens. Domin shekaru biyu (1918 da 1920), Van Deyk ya rubuta a kan allon na goma sha uku hotuna na Yesu Kristi da kuma cikin sha biyun nan. Yau waɗannan ayyuka ne da yawa a cikin gidajen tarihi na duniya.

Ma'adanin na zanen Antona Van Dyck ya fi mayar da hankali a kan addini jigogi. Ya rubuta a cikin sanannen bita na Rubens zane-zane "coronation kambi" da "Kiss of Yahuda".

Daga 1621 fara da tsawon tafiya. A farko, matasa artist tushen a London, tare da King James, bayan tafiya zuwa Italiya. A 1632, Anton koma zuwa London, inda Charles I sarrafa ya knighted da kuma bada matsayi na kotu fenta. A nan sai ya yi aiki har mutuwarsa.

Ya zane-zane da aka nuna a cikin gidajen tarihi na Munich, Vienna, da LOUVRE Museum, Washington, New York da kuma wasu wurare a duniya.

Saboda haka, a yau muna tare da ku, masoyi masu karatu, koya game da Flemish zanen. Kana da wani tunani game da tarihin da samuwar da dabara na yin zane-zane. Mun kuma sadu da takaice tare da mafi girma Dutch artists na zamani.