Etiology - shi ne ... kwayar. A etiology da cutar

Forums magani gano wasu batutuwa daban daban. Daya, misali, na bincikar na asibiti hoto, shi ne wata alama ce ta cutar. Sauran sassan of Medicine yayi nazari da effects ko halayen ga waɗanda ko wasu effects. Na musamman muhimmancin a cikin ganewar asali da kuma zabi na far a nan gaba ana sa Pathology dalilai. Etiology - wannan shi ne wani yanki da cewa shi ne kawai da Investigates da dalilai. Daga baya a cikin labarin mukalli a wannan lokaci.

Overview

Etiology - shi sa cuta ga wanda da ya faru na bukatar hada da babban tasiri factor da tara dace da bayyanuwar ta tushe yanayi ciki da kuma na waje muhalli. Kamar yadda precipitating events iya yin poisons, pathogens, daukan hotuna, rauni, kuma mutane da yawa da sauran sinadaran, nazarin halittu da kuma ta jiki effects. Cutar na iya faruwa a cikin yanayi na hypothermia, gajiya, cin cuta, bai dace zamantakewa da kuma Gwargwadon yanayi. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa da kuma halaye na da kwayoyin. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, sun hada da jima'i, shekaru, genotype, da sauransu.

dalilai

A ra'ayi na etiology ba a iyakance ga takamaiman dalilai. Yafi da cutar, ban da sa mamaki bukatar wasu sharadi gwargwado ga shi. Alal misali, Streptococcus, ba a baka rami a matsayin saprophyte saboda tsawo effects na low yanayin zafi sa angina. Wannan shi ne saboda da weakening na jiki ta sunadaran. Kuma sandunansu typhoid da kuma diphtheria ba tare da haddasa dalilai (gajiya, yunwa) zai iya ba bayyana kanta. Sau da yawa akwai yanayi a lokacin da daya da kuma guda factor za su iya aiki a wasu lokuta, etiologic, da kuma a wasu - haddasawa. An misali ne hypothermia. An, a hannu daya, Yanã frostbite, da kuma a kan sauran - samar da mafi kyau duka yanayi na zargin yawa cututtuka catarrhal yanayi.

rarrabuwa na pathologies

A wasu lokuta, da etiology da cutar iya iyakance zuwa daya factor. A wasu lokuta, da gudanar da bincike na iya yin wahayinsa dama precipitating dalilai. A farkon yanayin, da cutar da ake kira na daya, yayin da na biyu - polyetiology. Nau'i na farko hada da, misali, mura, ciwon makogwaro. Amma cututtukan zuciya da aka kafa a sakamakon syphilis, rheumatism da kuma wasu dalilai. A etiology da cutar sanin da bayani dalla-dalla da kuma pathogenetic far. Alal misali, ga mataki na tsanani da kuma Hasashen na staphylococcal kuma Anthrax carbuncle da gagarumin bambanci. Har ila yau, wasu ƙayyadaddu da daban-daban -daban na hauhawar jini, wanda za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar duka biyu neurogenic kuma koda dalilai. A sabili da hanji toshewa ne wani waje matsawa na hanji ko blockage na ciki.

ayyuka

Rarrabe tsakanin wani daya-lokaci (rauni, konewa) da kuma dogon (yunwa, kamuwa da cuta) da sakamako na sa sabon abu. Wadannan mamaki ma ya hada da etiology. Wannan sakamako iya asusu domin cin gaban m ko na kullum mataki na cutar. A sakamakon dalilai - dogon ko gajeren lokaci - a cikin mutum kwayoyin kasa a daban-daban tsarin. Wannan shi ne daidai abin da yake cikin hanyar cutar, wanda shi ne yafi wani sakamako daga wadannan take hakki.

Magani da kuma rigakafin

Etiology - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin babban determinants da wani Hanyar magani. Gane da haddasawa da kuma yanayi na ci gaba mai Pathology, za a iya zabar da hanyar da za su kawar da triggers. Kawai a cikin wannan harka, a zahiri cimma wani sakamakon tabbatacce. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa, da kuma rigakafin. Cutar za a iya hana a cikin hali na dace kawar da pathogenic haddasawa da kuma abubuwan da haddasa ta. Alal misali, bacilli m ganewa aka yi, zubar da sauro a filin m zazzabin cizon sauro, rauni rigakafin. Duk da haka, ba ko da yaushe zai yiwu su gane haddasawa da kuma yanayi na ci gaba Pathology. A wannan yanayin da muke magana da ba a sani ba etiology. A irin wannan yanayi, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da haƙuri da ke karkashin kulawa na likita. Tare da wannan bambanci ganewar asali, saka idanu na ta yanayin. Sau da yawa likitoci da magani daga irin wannan hali, ta nada "suyi".

A etiology na ciwon sukari mellitus

Don kwanan wata, akwai tabbatacciyar shaida da cewa babban dalilin da ciwon sukari shi ne a kayyade factor. Cutar nasa ne polygenic hankali. Its tushe aka dage farawa akalla biyu daga cikin mutant gene a m b-chromosome, wanda da dangane da Hla-tsarin. A karshen, bi da bi, da kayyade takamaiman amsa da kwayoyin da illar a kan salula antigens. Bisa ga ka'idar polygenic gado da ciwon sukari, cututtuka na mutant gene ne biyu ko biyu daga cikin kungiyar gado recessive. Ga wasu mutane, akwai wani predisposition da shan kashi na autoimmune tsarin, ko ya karu ƙwarai daga wasu Kwayoyin to kwayar antibodies, saukar da wata barã'aa magance ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halittu Hla-tsarin ne alamomi na predisposition.

A shekarar 1987, D. Foster ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin kwayoyin halittu da cewa shi ne mai saukin kamuwa da cutar located a kan B-chromosome. Kamar wancan akwai dangantaka tsakanin ciwon sukari mellitus da kuma wasu leukocytes antibodies a cikin mutane. Suna sauya ta genes daga cikin manyan histocompatibility hadaddun. Su, bi da bi, suna located a kan wannan chromosome.

Nau'in genes daga cikin manyan histocompatibility hadaddun

Akwai iri uku. Kwayoyin halittu bambanta da irin na shigar wanda ke aiki sunadaran da su da hannu a cin gaban rigakafi tafiyar matakai. A daya aji ƙunshi loci A, B, C. Su ne iya shigar antigens cewa an samu a duk Kwayoyin dauke da core. Wadannan abubuwa tsayar da aiki na kariya da kamuwa da cuta (kagaggun kwayar). Kwayoyin halittu na aji 2, kwance a kan D-yankin dauke da loci DP, DQ, DR. Su encode antigens cewa za a iya bayyana kawai a kan immunocompetent Kwayoyin. Wadannan sun hada da monocytes, T Kwayoyin, da sauransu. Tare da aji 3 genes shigar wanda ke aiki dace da aka gyara, da ƙari necrosis factor da transporters da suke a sadarwar da aiki antibody.

Kwanan nan, akwai wani zato cewa gādo da insulin-dogara da ciwon sukari hade ba kawai abubuwa Hla-tsarin, amma kuma a gene shigar da kira na insulin, immunoglobulin nauyi sarkar dangane T-cell tsoka mai amsa sigina da sauransu. Mutane da wani m predisposition zuwa IDDM, akwai canje-canje a cikin muhalli danniya. Su antiviral rigakafi raunana cytotoxic Kwayoyin iya sha lalacewa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar pathogenic microorganisms da kuma sinadaran aka gyara.

sauran dalilan

A IDDM iya zama kwayar etiology. Mafi sau da yawa, da fitowan na Pathology taimakawa wajen rubella (pathogen samun da tun fil azal na pancreas, sa'an nan kuma adana da kuma replicated a su), mumps (mafi sau da yawa gani a yara bayan cuta annoba, 1-2 shekaru), hepatitis B cutar da Coxsackievirus B (replicated a insular inji) mononukleoznaya kamuwa da cuta, mura da sauransu. Gaskiyar cewa dauke factor aka alaka da ci gaban da ciwon sukari, aka tabbatar da seasonality cuta. IDDM ana bincikar lafiya a yara a kaka da kuma hunturu, kai da ganiya a watan Oktoba da kuma Janairu. Har ila yau a cikin marasa lafiya jini iya gane high titers na antibodies zuwa pathogens. Mutanen da suka mutu a sakamakon ciwon sukari a sakamakon immunofluorescent hanyoyin bincike a cikin tun fil azal na Langerhans lura kwayar barbashi.

The aiki manufa da pathogen

A gwaji binciken gudanar da M. Balabolkin tabbatar da hannu na kamuwa da cuta da ci gaban da cutar. Bisa ga lura, mutane suna da cutar, da hali to ciwon sukari mellitus, aiki a matsayin haka:

- lura m cell rauni (msl Coxsackie B cutar).

- akwai nacewa (tsawo rayuwa) virus (rubella) ta samar da autoimmune matakai a cikin islet nama.

A etiology na cirrhosis

Dangane da haddasawa, wannan Pathology ne zuwa kashi uku kungiyoyin. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman:

1. Tare da takamaiman etiological dalilai.
2. Tare da rigima tsokanar dalilai.
3. Na unknown etiology.

A binciken da na Sanadin lalacewar

Don gane dalilai haddasa cirrhosis, gudanar da asibiti, ANNOBA da dakin gwaje-gwaje da karatu. A lokaci guda kafa dangane da wuce kima yin amfani da barasa. Na dogon lokaci da muka yi imani da cewa cirrhosis faruwa a yanayi na giya tamowa. A wannan batun, wannan Pathology aka sani da alimentary ko sinadirai. A shekarar 1961, Beckett Ya halitta a aikin, inda ya bayyana cikin giya hepatitis m mataki. A daidai wannan lokaci shi shawarar cewa wannan cuta na kara hadarin cirrhosis hade tare da barasa ci. Daga bisani kafa sakamako na ethanol a kan tasowa mai guba hepatitis, wanda zai iya motsa a hematopoietic Gabar nama lalacewa. Wannan ya shafi musamman don sake canja wurin da cutar.

M sashi ethanol

Cirrhosis, wanda aka sa ta barasa, optionally da matakai na bunkasa m ko kullum hepatitis. Cututtuka za a iya canza kama a wata hanya dabam. A total akwai uku main saukarwa:

- m degeneration na jiki;

- Fibrosis da mesenchymal dauki.

- cirrhosis.

A hadarin da ya faru da cutar a sakamakon shekaru 15 da} arfin yin amfani da barasa ne mafi girma daga 8 sau daya da yake faruwa a shekara biyar m barasa. Pekvigno gane hadura ethanol sashi don ci gaban hanta cirrhosis. Shi ne 80 g per day (200 g vodka). A hatsari kullum kashi ne da yin amfani da 160 g barasa da kuma more. A nan gaba, "Pekvigno dabara" da ɗan canza. A mata, barasa ƙwarai fiye da sau biyu, fiye da a cikin maza. Wasu daga cikin karfi jima'i tsirrozogenny kasashen waje da aka rage zuwa 40 g na ethanol da rana, yayin da a wasu cutar tasowa, da kuma lokacin da shan 60 ml barasa. Mata ma isasshe da kuma 20 ml barasa da rana. A ci gaban da giya cirrhosis na hanta taka wata muhimmiyar rawa takamaiman-lipopolysaccharide hanji asalin - endotoxin.

sauran Sanadin

Cirrhosis za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar genetically m rayuwa cuta. Da yara da manya samu wata kungiy a tsakanin ci gaban da Pathology da A1-antitrypsin rashi. A1-antitrypsin ne glycoprotein cewa an hada a hepatocyte da wani hanawa na serine proteinases nan take daukan hotuna (elastase, trypsin, plasmin, chymotrypsin). Kan bango na gazawar auku cholestasis a 5-30% na yara da kuma 10-15% na hanta cirrhosis auku a wani sosai matasa, shekaru. Duk da haka, har ma a lokuta da biochemical yanayin da take hakki ne da yawanci m hangen nesa. A tsufa kuma qara da alama na tasowa cirrhosis da cutar sankaran hanta. Wannan Gaskiya ne, na mutane da emphysema. Operation na hanta ƙila za a karya a lokacin da ingested sinadarai da kuma pharmaceutical shirye-shirye. A sakamakon haka ne m mataki halakar da sashin jiki da kuma kullum hepatitis. A rare lokuta, hanta cirrhosis tasowa. Alal misali, carbon tetrachloride zai iya sa m da kuma wani lokacin kullum hepatitis mai guba jinsunan. Wannan Pathology iya, a wasu lokuta tare da m necrosis da cirrhosis.