Dasu na makaman na kasashen Turai - kwanan nan hadisin na tsakiyar zamanai

Heraldry a cikin nau'i a cikin abin da an fahimci a cikin zamani duniya, ya samo asali a Turai. A farko dasu ba na makamai sun kasance game da XI-XII ƙarni a matsayin alamar sirri wakilan soja aristocracy. Tare da kara haduwar dangantaka a cikin al'umma da kuma a ci gaban feudalism al'ada lakabtawa haka su zamantakewa matsayi da ake zama da na kowa. Own isharori suka dukkan mambobi na aristocracy, ciki har da mata, da firistoci, 'yan kasuwa da manyan har ma da wasu arziki manoma.

A XIV karni heraldic alamomin bayyana a shagunan, birane da kuma ƙasa. Bayan wani karni, a cikin marigayi tsakiyar zamanai, akwai na farko makamai na al'umma-jiha. Ba shi yiwuwa domin sanin ainihin ranar da ya faru na jihar alama, saboda ra'ayoyinsu aka kai a kai canza. Modern makamai na kasashen Turai dangane da Generic posters wadanada kuma gani da tarihi da kuma al'adu fasali.

Siffofin da kuma siffofi da heraldic garkuwoyi

Babban kashi na wani daga cikin alama ne mai talla - stylized tsarin, qazanta a gaban farfajiya na haruffa. Official heraldry bambanta ta wadannan siffofin:

• Faransa - quadrangular, tare da musamman tsakiyar kasa.
• Varangian - triangular tare da m mai lankwasa bangarorin.
• Spanish - kama da Faransa, amma tare da wani taso underside.
• Italian - m.
• Jamus - triangular tare da yanke gefuna.

Akwai atypical garkuwoyi zagaye, square ko QFontDatabase siffofi, da muhimmi, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ƙasar da bunqasar ko birni-jihohi.

Overview heraldic albums nuna cewa mafi yawan makamai na kasashen Turai su ne bisa katakan Faransa form. Wannan kashi kuma canza a kai a kai. Alal misali, alama ce da Burtaniya a cikin XIX karni, located in Italian jirgin, amma a na gaba karni ya wuce zuwa Varangian.

heraldic launuka

Fenti rufe gashi, magana tinctures da kuma bisa ga sauko daga tsakiyar zamanai hadisin ya kasu kashi 2 kungiyoyin:

1. karafa - zinariya da azurfa. A misalai dace su rawaya da fari launuka.

2. enamel ko enamel - ja (duhu ja), da shunayya (Violet, magenta), baki (baki), kore (green) da kuma blue color (blue).

A sosai iyaka sa na launuka ta wajaba a lokacin da asalin na heraldic hadisin. A XII-XIII ƙarni jera launuka ba samuwa "low caste", suka ba za a iya samu daga halitta kayan.

Bugu da kari, da makamai daga kasashen Turai na iya hada abin da ake kira Jawo ko gashinsa - musamman hade da launuka da siffofi, NUNA daraja alama ce iko. A farkon tsakiyar zamanai akwai wani hadisin zuwa upholster bangarori Jawo, sa'an nan kowace jiha sa cloaks da riguna, liyi tare da m Ermine ko sunadarai. Tincture "gashinsa" tsakanin jihar da isharori ba hadu, domin sun yada kawai a cikin tribal nobility da Jamusanci mulkoki da kasa matakin da ba su fito.

A heraldry ba shi da iyaka a da lambar kuma hade da launuka. Kawai a lokacin da samar da logo dalaye haramta enamel ko enamel a kan wani karfe ya ƙarfe, ko da yake su zama dab da juna. Ba bisa ga wannan doka, da gashi na makamai ba zai zama haka.

heraldic

A kimiyya sana'ar wata tufa makamai wanda aka nuna a kan garkuwa da rababben abubuwa cikin da dama kungiyoyin:

1. Heraldic - lissafi siffofi, rarraba panel cikin da dama sassa. Total san 10 key Figures:

• Top.
• Post.
• Belt.
• Ƙwarai.
• Sash.
• Rafter.
• Cross.
• Geza.
• Shield.
• Maras tauyewa part.

Heraldry sani da yawa iri na asali siffofi. Kadai crosses 200 da aka sani siffofin -. A Paparoma, Latin, Burgundy, Maltese, da dai sauransu A cikin Turai, da alama za a iya gani a kan makamai na Hungary, Girka, Switzerland, Iceland, Slovakia da kuma Serbia.

Bugu da kari, akwai karami abubuwa, rare a jihar gashi na makamai. Daga cikin su akwai triangular (sandan, spearhead) quadrangular (square, shingles, lu'u-lu'u), zagaye (ball, wani Semi-da'ira, baka), kuma contingencies (gasa kwala).

2. Negeraldicheskie - cikakken ko m images of da real Figures (yanayi ko mutum da aka yi) ko almara halittu. Adadin su ne babbar, da kuma tarin ne kullum kara sababbin abubuwa. A cikin makamai na kasashen Turai sau da yawa wakiltar halitta dabba, wato zakoki da gaggafa. Duk da haka, wurin su dabam a kowace jiha alamomin. Alal misali, Lions iya tsaya ko kwanta, da kambi ko rike wani takobi a dungu. Gargajiya irin dabbobi da mane da wutsiya da buroshi, za a iya gani a cikin makamai na United Kingdom, Bulgaria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, da Netherlands, Latvia, Finland, Sweden da kuma Estonia. Amma a wasu bambancin da Norway hali Zagayawar damisa maimakon "Sarkin dabbobi".

A halin da ake ciki shi ne kama da gaggafa. Sun iya daban-daban size da siffar da fuka-fuki, tail da gashinsa, baki rike bude ko rufe. A cikin makamai na Rasha, Albania, Sabiya da kuma Montenegro heraldic tsuntsu tare da 2 shugabannin, ya juya a cikin daban-daban kwatance. Wannan shi ne saboda su na kowa tarihi al'adunmu da kuma karfi dangantaka a ko'ina cikin ƙarni. A sauran (Austria, Jamus, Poland, Moldova, Romania, Czech Republic) da wanda shugaban da gaggafa sau da yawa lashe.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa akwai dasu ba na makamai na kasashen Turai, hada rare haruffa. A musamman, da alama na Ireland - zinariya Celtic molo a kan wani blue bango - ba a samu a kowace kasa daga cikin duniya. The gashi na makamai na Bosnia da Herzegovina ne sau da yawa rikita batun tare da alamar na Tarayyar Turai saboda irin launi da biyar-ishãra fari taurari.

Heraldic alamomin na kasashen, birane da kuma yankunan - shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin al'adun da ruhu na Turai. A duniya ta yau, sun, tare da da-tsare gine-gine da Monuments, reminiscent na EU 'yan ƙasa da kuma yawon bude ido da wanzuwar "haihuwa Turai".