Chromosome, gene da kuma genome maye gurbi da dũkiyõyinsu

maye gurbi   (Daga cikin Latin kalmar "mutatio" - canji) - shi ne mai naci canji a cikin genotype, wanda ya faru a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ciki ko waje dalilai. Rarrabe chromosomal, kwayoyin da kuma ilimin kwayoyin hali maye gurbi.

Abin da ya haddasa maye gurbi?

• M muhalli da yanayi, yanayi halitta gwaje. Irin maye gurbi da ake kira jawo.
• Wasu matakai a cikin Rayayyen tantanin halitta na jiki. Ga misali: sosai DNA gyara, DNA kwafi, kwayoyin recombination.

Mutagens - abubuwan da sa maye gurbi. Share on:

• Jiki - rediyoaktif lalace, ionizing radiation da ultraviolet, zafin jiki ne da muni ko ma low.
• Chemicals - rage jamiái da oxidizing jamiái, alkaloids, alkylating jamiái, nitro urea, da magungunan kashe qwari, Organic kaushi, wasu magunguna.
• Halittu - wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, kayayyakin na metabolism (metabolism), antigens na daban-daban kwayoyin.

Basic Properties maye gurbi

• Gaji.
• Lalacewa ta hanyar daban-daban ciki da waje dalilai.
• Faruwa abruptly kuma ba zato ba tsammani, wani lokacin akai-akai.
• Iya mutate wani gene.

Abin da suke?

• Ilimin kwayoyin hali maye gurbi - ya canjãwa, wanda aka halin da asara ko Bugu da kari wata guda chromosome (ko fiye) ko cikakken haploid. Akwai iri biyu na maye gurbi - da kuma polyploidy geteroploidiyu.

Polyploidy - wani canji a cikin adadin chromosomes da ke ninkin na haploid sa. Yana da musamman rare a dabbobi. A cikin mutane, akwai iri biyu polyploidy: triploidy da Tetraploidy. Yara haife tare da wadannan maye gurbi yawanci rayuwa ba fiye da wata daya, kuma mafi kusantar su mutu a wani mataki na amfrayo ci gaba.

Geteroploidiya (ko aneuploidy) - wani canji a cikin adadin chromosomes cewa shi ne maras mahara halide sa. A sakamakon wannan maye gurbi, ana haifuwarsu ne da wani mahaukaci yawan mutum chromosomes - polisomiki da monosomiki. Game 20-30 bisa dari monosomikov mutu a farkon zamanin fetal ci gaba. Wadanda haife akwai mutane da Turner ta ciwo. Ilimin kwayoyin hali maye gurbi a cikin Flora da fauna da aka ma bambanta.

• Chromosomal maye gurbi - wadannan ne canje-canje da faruwa a cikin sake fasalin kudin na chromosome tsarin. Lokacin da wannan canja wuri ne a lura, asara ko anya ɓangare na kayyade abu daya ko fiye da chromosomes, da kuma canza fuskantarwa na chromosomal segments a cikin mutum chromosomes. A rare lokuta yana yiwuwa Robertsonian translocation, watau ƙungiyar na chromosomes.

• Gene maye gurbi. A sakamakon irin maye gurbi faruwa insertions, deletions ko substitutions na daya ko dama nucleotides, kuma kwafi ko inversion na sassa daban daban na gene. Gurbin da irin gene maye gurbi bambanta. Mafi yawansu ba su kasance recessive, cewa ba bayyananne.

Maye gurbi kasu kashi somatic da generative

• Somatic maye gurbi - wani canji a duk Kwayoyin na jiki, fãce gametes. Alal misali, idan maye gurbi da shuka cell daga wanda koda an baya dole ne ci gaba da kuma sa'an nan kubuta, duk da Kwayoyin suna mutated. Saboda haka, a kan wani daji na ja currants iya reshe tare da baki ko fari berries.

• Generative maye gurbi - wani canji a cikin yanayin jam sel ko gametes, wanda aka kafa. Dũkiyõyinsu, aka canjawa wuri zuwa ƙarni na gaba.

By da yanayin da tasiri a kan rayuwa kwayoyin maye gurbi ne:

• Mutuwa - kambun da irin wannan canji ko mutu a cikin tsari na da amfrayo ci gaba, ko dai ta hanyar wani gajeren lokaci bayan haihuwa. Yana da kusan duk ilimin kwayoyin hali maye gurbi.
• Half-mutuwa (msl, hemophilia) - suna halin da kaifi tabarbarewar a aiki na da wani tsarin a cikin jiki. A mafi yawan lokuta, rabin na mutuwa maye gurbi, ma nan da nan kai ga mutuwa.
• Amfani maye gurbi - shi ne tushen juyin halitta, sun kai ga bayyanar cututtuka, na jiki yana bukatar. Ana gyarawa, wadannan cututtuka zai iya kai ga samuwar wani sabon subspecies ko jinsuna.