Catalan harshe - halaye. Inda suka yi magana Catalan

Catalan nasa ne oksitano-Romance subgroup na Indo-Turai iyali. Shi ne a jihar a cikin sarauta na Andorra. A duka yawan mutanen da suka yi magana Catalan, shi ne kamar miliyan 11. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan harshe za a iya ji a cikin ƙasa na cin gashin kanta Communities a Spain (Balearic Islands da kuma Valencia), Italy (Alghero, wanda aka located a tsibirin Sardinia) da kuma Faransa (Pyrénées-Orientales).

Janar bayanai da kuma taƙaitaccen bayanin

A cikin XVIII karni shi yana da yawa Catalan sunayen dangane da abin da aka yi amfani da daban-daban yankuna. Don wannan rana, kiyaye biyu mafi sharuddan denoting wannan harshe - Catalano-Valencian-Balearic (amfani da yafi a cikin kimiyya wallafe-wallafe) da kuma Valencian. A karshen wani zaɓi an yi amfani ne kawai mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin m al'umma na Valencia (part of Spain). Akwai kuma rare sunan "Mallorquina", wanda aka yi amfani na yau da kullum lokatai (Balearic Islands, Kingdom of Majorca).

Catalan dauki wani mutum nagari shida wuri a cikin Romance kungiyar ta adadin masu magana (ba kasa da mutane miliyan 11.6). Yana gaba da Spanish, Italiyanci, Faransanci, Portuguese, da Romanian. Catalan ne a kan 14th wuri a cikin Tarayyar Turai bisa ga cleanness na amfani a yau da kullum magana.

Domin rubuce-rubuce da aka yi amfani da saba Latin: misali, haduwa da haruffa -ny-, -L ∙ l-, -ig, wanda ba su samu ko ina kuma. Halayyar fasali na harshe alaka da imin sautin harshe da nahawu, game da yawan vowels (a cikin Romance rukuni na bakwai, a cikin Catalan - takwas) da kuma a cikin yin amfani da musamman labarin kafin sunayen.

A Janairu 2009, da rikodin ga mafi tsawo monologue a duniya (124 sa'o'i na ci gaba da magana) an shigar. Mafi sau da yawa ya furta a Catalan. rikodin marubucin ya perpinyanets Lewis Kulet.

A tarihin fitowan da kuma ci gaban

An yi imani da cewa Catalan harshen fara dauki siffar da baya a X karni kamar farkon Monuments amfani da "ikon koyarwar" yare, wanda aka samu a baya kwanan daga wannan karni. Yana tashi a kan tushen da maras ɗa'a Latin a arewacin Yaren Kasar Larabawa. A cikin marigayi tsakiyar zamanai aka dauke da babbar Catalan da aka sau da yawa amfani a cikin adabi (haka na fi son rubuta a Occitan), falsafa da kuma ko da kimiyya.

Tun da XIII karni, da yare hankali ƙarfafa matsayinsu a domin zama mai zaman kanta harshe. Duk da yake Ramon Lully tare da yin amfani da Catalan Ya halitta ayyuka a cikin tauhidin, falsafar da kuma m jigogi. Lalle zinariya shekaru domin harshe ya zama XV karni. A mafi ƙulla niyyar da kuma haske master wanda shi ne daya daga cikin na farko yi amfani da wannan harshe a cikin shayari, ya zama Auzias Mark. Magabaci a cikin litattafan, ba shakka, nasa ne da labari "The White azzalumi" da "Curia da Guelph," marubucin wanda shi ne Zhuanot Martorell.

A farkon da XIX karni, da Catalan harshe ya rasa ta tsohon ɗaukaka. Dalilin wannan kuwa shi ne zamantakewa da siyasa Elite, wanda ya fara zuwa rayayye amfani da Castilian (tsohon suna ne na Spanish). Saboda da kowa mutane da kuma limaman, na ci gaba da amfani da Catalan a su a rayuwarsu ta kullum, da harshe ba ya zama matattu.

Bayan yakin basasa na 1936-1939. da Franco ta nasara da aka haramta yin amfani da yare a magana da kuma rubuta da harshen. A Spain, a wancan lokaci akwai ko da wani dokar bisa ga abin da wani mutum ta amfani da Catalan, hõre laifi azãba. Zuwan dimokuradiyya a kasar ya kai ga autonomization wasu yankuna, don haka da cewa harshen sake zama a jihar.

kuskure

Catalan rubuce-rubuce tsarin yana amfani da Latin haruffa da lafazi alamomi. Daga cikin siffofin da wannan sihiri ne kasaftawa kamar haka:

• amfani da Interpoint tsakanin sau biyu da wasika l: Intel • ligent - wayo.
• da yin amfani da haduwa -ig-, wanda ya nuna sauti [ʧ] a irin kalmomi a matsayin maig, faig da dai sauransu.;
• amfani da haruffa t, wanda designates gaba Extended baƙi tl, tll, TN da TM: setmana - mako, bitllet - tikitin.
• hada guda biyu tz, ts, TJ, KU amfani designate affricates.

Halayyar siffofin na vowels

Daya daga cikin siffofin da irin wannan sauti - wannan bacewar vowels a karshen kalmomi na Latin asalin fãce harafi s. Wannan yanayin ne da farko bambanta da Catalan harshen Italo-Roman kuma Yammacin Yaren Kasar subgroup. A harshen wadannan subfamilies riƙe duk karshe vowels. Catalan kuma Occitan raba wani yawan monosyllabic kalmomi da yawa diphthongs. Bambanci tsakanin sama harsuna biyu ne rage daga cikin diphthong AU bude da sauti O.

Catalan ne daban-daban daga Spanish pronunciation na adana bude short jaddada vowels na Latin asalin da kuma o E. -ACT hade da haruffa a tsakiyar kalmomi shigarsu raguwa, kuma ya jũya zuwa -et. Wannan yanayin ne na kowa ga Catalan harshe da kuma Yammacin Romance (Occitan da Languedoc yare).

Features baƙaƙe

Wannan irin sauti halin da mika mulki kurãme -T, -C, -P ringing a -d-, -g-, -B. Wannan yanayin hadawa da Catalan Romanesque yamma-subfamily. C. Gallo-Romanic harshen kungiyar cewa unites adana FL farko sauti, PL, CL, canji na voiceless baƙaƙe m bayyana idan na gaba kalma fara wani bayyana baƙi ko wani wasali. Tsari Drop intervocalic -N, wanda shi ne kamar wani maras ɗa'a Latin kuma mai ban mamaki karshe baƙi hadawa da Catalan kuma Occitan languedocien yare.

• Ka yi la'akari da asali siffofin da cewa ba su samu a cikin harsunan Rum:
• Latin baƙi sauti zama -D -u.
• -TIS karshen shiga -u (kawai don na biyu mutum jam'i).
• Latin guntun hade da sauti -C + e, i → -u (kimanin. CRUCEM → creu).

jinsunan

A lokuta daban-daban a kan ƙasa daga waɗanda yankuna inda mutane magana a cikin Catalan, ƙarƙashin ikonsa, akwai daban-daban yaruka. Ka yi la'akari da mafi muhimmanci, kazalika da wuri na abin da ya faru:

• Sicilian harshe a kudancin Italiya.
• patuet yare, wanda har na biyu da rabi na karni na karshe magana baƙi, da kuma daga baya - zũriyarsu daga Kudu na Valencia, Menorca. Amma ga harshe, ya zama tushen da Larabawa da kuma Faransa kalmomi.

• da samuwar wani yare panotcho (mai cin gashin kanta Community of Murcia) ne ya rinjayi Catalan. Kasar asalin - Spain.
• Sicilian harshe, Southern Italiya.
• yare churros, Spanish-magana da yankunan karkarar da cin gashin kanta Community of Valencia.
• Neapolitan harshe, kasar - Italiya.