Carbon monoxide: dabara da kaddarorin

Mutane da yawa gaseous abubuwa data kasance a cikin yanayi, samar da yi, suna m mai guba mahadi. An sani cewa chlorine da ake amfani da matsayin nazarin halittu makami, biyu daga bromine da karfi da lalatattu sakamako a kan fata, hydrogen sulfide sa guba da sauransu.

Wata irin wannan abu ne da carbon monoxide ko carbon monoxide, da dabara na wanda yana da halaye a cikin tsarin. Game da shi, kuma za a tattauna kara.

Chemical dabara CO

Empirical dabara view of batun fili kamar haka: SB. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ne kawai ya ba da wani bayanin da ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki, amma ba zai tasiri cikin halaye na da tsarin da oda na atomic shaidu a cikin kwayoyin. Kuma shi ya bambanta daga abin da dukkan sauran irin wannan gas.

Wannan yanayin rinjayar da fili ya nuna jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties. Abin da irin tsarin?

kwayoyin tsarin

Da fari dai, empirical dabara da aka gani cewa carbon fili ne a wani valency II. Kamar dai oxygen. Saboda haka, kowace daga cikinsu na iya samar biyu shaidu. Chemical dabara na carbon monoxide CO aka gani ya tabbatar.

Kuma haka ta faru. Tsakanin carbon zarra da oxygen da inji socialization unpaired electrons aka kafa, biyu covalent iyakacin duniya bond. Saboda haka, tsarin dabara na da carbon monoxide daukan nau'i C = O.

Duk da haka, a kan wannan musamman kwayoyin ba ya kawo karshen akwai. Domin bayarwa-Mai karɓar inji a kwayoyin samuwar auku uku, dative ko semipolar bond. Me ya sa wannan? Tun bayan da samuwar na covalent shaidu a musayar domin oxygen da ya rage nau'i biyu daga electrons, da carbon zarra - komai orbital, sa'an nan da karshen ayyukan matsayin Mai karɓar daya daga cikin nau'i-nau'i daga farko. A wasu kalmomin, da oxygen electron biyu located a free orbital carbon bond samuwar faruwa.

Saboda haka, carbon - Mai karɓar, oxygen - bayarwa. Saboda haka, dabara CO sunadarai daukan wadannan nau'i: S≡O. Wannan structuring ce kwayoyin kara sinadaran da kwanciyar hankali da kuma inertness nuna ta da kaddarorin karkashin al'ada yanayi.

Saboda haka, bond a cikin kwayoyin na carbon monoxide:

• biyu iyakacin duniya covalent kafa a musayar inji saboda socialization unpaired electrons.
• daya dative kafa a kan wani bayarwa-Mai karɓar hulda tsakanin wani free electron biyu da orbital.
• duk shaidu a cikin kwayoyin - uku.

jiki Properties

Akwai da dama daga halaye, wanda, kamar wani fili yana carbon monoxide. Da dabara na abu da ke sa shi a fili cewa crystal raga daga cikin kwayoyin, jihar gaseous karkashin al'ada yanayi. Wannan ya nuna da wadannan jiki sigogi.

1. S≡O - carbon monoxide (dabara) Yawa - 1,164 kg / m ^3.
2. Tafasar batu da kuma narkewa batu daidai da: 191/205 ⁰ C.
3. Narkewa a cikin: ruwa (dan kadan), da Eter, benzene, barasa, chloroform.
4. Yana bai ɗanɗane da wari.
5. Colorless.

Daga mai nazarin halittu ra'ayi, shi ne musamman kawo hadari ga dukkan abubuwa masu rai, sai dai wasu iri kwayoyin.

sinadaran Properties

Daga cikin ra'ayinsa na reactivity, daya daga cikin inert abubuwa a karkashin al'ada yanayi - shi ne carbon monoxide. Formula, a cikinsa duk da shaidu kunshe a cikin DNA, da aka tabbatar. Shi ne saboda irin wannan karfi da tsarin da fili a karkashin tuta muhalli Manuniya kusan ba shiga cikin wani hulda.

Duk da haka, shi ne akalla kadan kadan tsarin kamar yadda dative bond a cikin kwayoyin karya saukar kamar yadda covalent. Sa'an nan carbon monoxide fara nuna aiki rage Properties, kuma da isasshen ƙarfi. Saboda haka, shi ne iya maida martani tare da:

• oxygen.
• chlorine.
• alkalis (melts).
• tare da oxides da karfe salts.
• tare da launin toka.
• dan kadan ruwa.
• tare da ammonia.
• tare da hydrogen.

Saboda haka, kamar yadda aka sadãki sama Properties wanda farfado carbon monoxide, shi ya bayyana dabara fi mayar.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin

Babban tushen CO a cikin yanayi - gandun daji gobara. Lalle ne, babban tsari da samuwar iskar gas da - juzu'ine na konewa na daban-daban irin na man fetur, mafi yawa kwayoyin halitta.

Anthropogenic kafofin na carbon monoxide iska ne kuma muhimmanci kamar yadda ake bai wa wani taro sulusi da murabba'i na wannan kaso, kazalika da na halitta. Wadannan sun hada da:

• hayaki daga aiki na Mills da kuma masana'antu, metallurgical shuke-shuke da sauran masana'antu Enterprises.
• shaye gas daga ciki konewa injuna.

Karkashin yanayi, carbon monoxide ne sauƙi oxidized da yanayi oxygen da kuma ruwa tururi zuwa carbon dioxide. A wannan tushen taimakon farko a lokuta da guba da wannan fili.

liyafar

Shi ne daraja nuna daya alama. Carbon monoxide (dabara), carbon dioxide (kwayoyin tsarin), bi da bi, su ne kamar haka: S≡O kuma G = C = O. Bambanci a kan daya oxygen zarra. Saboda haka, an masana'antu hanya domin samar da monoxide dangane da dauki tsakanin carbon dioxide da: CO ₂ + C = 2Kor. Wannan shi ne mafi sauki da kuma mafi kowa hanya domin kira na fili.

A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da daban-daban gudanar da mahadi, karfe salts da hadaddun kwayoyin, tun amfanin ƙasa ba a sa ran ya zama ma manyan.

Ingantaccen reagent a gaban iska ko carbon monoxide bayani - palladium chloride. A cikin m karfe kafa ta hulda da wanda ya haddasa duhun bayani ko takarda surface.

A nazarin halittu sakamako a kan kwayoyin

Kamar yadda riga da doka sama, carbon dioxide - ne sosai guba, colorless, da haɗari, kuma m kwaro ga jikin mutum. Kuma ba wai kawai shi ne mutum, kuma a general wani rai. Tsire-tsire da suke ƙarƙashin rinjayar abin hawa shaye, ya mutu sosai da sauri.

Abin da daidai ne da nazarin halittu effects na carbon monoxide a ciki yanayi na dabba halittunSa? Duk da al'amarin a cikin samuwar barga hadaddun tana gina jini gina jiki haemoglobin kuma dauke gas. Wannan shi ne, maimakon oxygen kwayoyin sun makale dafin. Salula numfasawa nan da nan katange, gas musayar ne ba zai yiwu a cikin al'ada hanya na nasa.

A sakamakon haka, akwai wani sauka a hankali blockage na haemoglobin kwayoyin da kuma, kamar yadda wani sakamako, mutuwa. Ya isa su kayar da dukan da 80%, to sakamakon guba ya zama m. Domin wannan dalili, da carbon monoxide maida hankali a cikin iska ya zama 0.1%.

A farko ãyõyi, wanda zai iya sanin ko farko na guba tare da wannan fili ne kamar haka:

• ciwon kai.
• dizziness.
• asarar sani.

Da farko Aid - to sabo iska, inda carbon dioxide a ƙarƙashin rinjayar oxygen jũya a cikin carbonic acid, cewa an defused. Lokuta da mutuwar daga alãmõmin abu a tambaya ne sosai m, musamman a gidajen da kuka dumama. Bayan konewa na itace, da kwal da sauran man fetur a matsayin byproduct na gas dole siffofin. Yarda da aminci dokokin yana da muhimmanci da adana rayuwa da lafiyar dan adam.

Har ila yau, lokuta da dama na guba a garages, wanda tattara da yawa a guje da mota injuna, amma suka kawo isasshen sabo ne iska. Mutuwa ya auku a cikin sa'a guda a wuce haddi na halal taro. Jin gaban gas ne a jiki ba zai yiwu ba, bayan duk, babu wari, ba launi ya aikata ba.

Yi amfani da masana'antu

A metallurgical masana'antu domin dawo da karafa daga oxides ko salts halayen sau da yawa amfani ne carbon monoxide. Da dabara na da sakamakon fili - CO _2. karfe - m abu ne kuma kafa.

Bugu da ƙari, carbon monoxide aka yi amfani da:

• domin aiki na nama da kifi kayayyakin, wanda ya yale mu mu ba su da wani sabo ne look.
• Domin kira na wasu hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi.
• kamar yadda wani bangaren na mai gas janareta.

Saboda haka, wannan abu ne ba kawai cutarwa da kuma kawo hadari, amma kuma da amfani sosai ga mutum da kuma tattalin arziki da ayyukan.