Bulgakov Sergey Nikolaevich, da Rasha Falsafa, theologian, an Orthodox firist: Biography

Rasha Falsafa da theologian, Sergei Bulgakov - mutane m take. Ya ya iya tafi, ta hanyar da shakka da kuma gane hanyarsu zuwa ga Allah, tun da ya halitta nasa rukunan Sophia, ya iya shawo kan shakka na abokai da kuma ecclesiastical ƙin yarda da rayuwa bisa ga sanin yakamata da na addini.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma Family

Bulgakov aka haife Sergey N. 16 (28) Yuli 1871 a Livny, a wani babban iyali, firist, da mazaunin na karamin coci a hurumi. Uba Sergei ilmantar da yara (a can ya kasance bakwai) a cikin Orthodox hadisin. The iyali a kai a kai halarci coci ayyuka, yara saurari, kuma daga baya karanta littatafan kansu. Sergey godiya tuna da yara, a lõkacin da ya zo a cikin lamba tare da kyakkyawa da Rasha yanayi, goyon baya da kauri girma na ibadar. Sai a wannan lokaci ya samu wani jitu jam'iyya da Allah. Ya aka kawo up a matsayin abar Kirista, a cikin farkon shekaru ya gaske ya yi ĩmãni da Allah.

shekaru nazari

A shekaru 12, Bulgakov Sergey suka fara karatu a tauhidin makaranta, ya kasance a wannan lokaci, a cikin magana, "wani m dan Church." Bayan kammala karatu daga makaranta, sai ya shiga seminary a ƙasarsa ta garin Livny. A wannan lokaci ya tsanani tunani game da yadda za a gama da ransa ga aikin Allah. Shekaru hudu bayan kammala cikin shakka a koleji, Bulgakov shiga seminary a Orel. A nan sai ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru uku, amma a wannan lokacin akwai wani gagarumin canji a cikin Outlook, ya aka fuskantar mai zurfi addini rikicin, wanda dooms shi zuwa ga kãfirci a Allah. Rasa addini a cikin Orthodox Church, a shekarar 1987, Bulgakov bar seminary sa'an nan biyu mafi shekaru na karatu a cikin gargajiya nahawu makaranta a Yelets. Daga baya, sai ya shiga Moscow Jami'ar Jihar, Faculty of Law. A 1894 ya samu nasarar yin tsayayya da karshe gwajin da kuma samu babban digiri da dama wa'azi da shi.

farkon views

Tuni a farkon shekarar seminary Bulgakov Sergey fuskantar shakku a addini postulates da kuma tsira rikici mai zurfi na addini da cewa Firaministan shi ba kawai ya damu daga seminary, amma kuma ya samu kusa da Popular a wannan lokaci na Marxists. Ya aiki tukuru a wannan sabon falsafa shugabanci wa kansu da kuma sauri ya zama jagorantar theoretician na Markisanci a Rasha. Duk da haka, ya zarar ya gane cewa da gazawar da ka'idar da ta faro ne zuwa ga idealism. A 1902, ya ma rubuta wata kasida mai suna "Daga Markisanci zuwa Idealism," wanda ya bayyana da canji a ra'ayi.

Wadannan canje-canje a cikin ra'ayoyi ne m tare da ruhun da lokaci, da Rasha kawo dukkan wannan lokacin aka halin da tasiri na Jamus idealism da baya addini. Saba da Bebel da Kautsky, da rubuce-rubucen da Vladimir Soloviev da Tolstoy take kaiwa gare shi to bincika a cikin filin na Kirista 'yan siyasa don magance matsalar da nagarta da mugunta. Ga wasu lokaci, Bulgakov enjoys cosmism, bayan Nikolaem Fedorovym. Wannan nema, wanda ya sanya a matsayin "social Kiristanci" cikakken fit a cikin juyin halitta daga Rasha falsafa da tunani na zamani.

A hankali da ra'ayin Bulgakov ore kuma siffofin, hanyar da falsafa nema daidai kama ta farko da manyan aiki - da littafin "Hasken unfading".

Educational aiki

Bayan samun digiri, Sergei Bulgakov (biography shi an haɗa ba kawai tare da falsafa amma kuma tare da koyarwa) ne a sashen domin rubuta masa doctoral dissertation, ya kuma fara koya siyasa da tattalin arziki a mallaka Technical School a Moscow. A 1898, Jami'ar aika shi zuwa shekaru biyu a kan wani bincike tafiya zuwa Jamus. A 1901 ya kare rubutun da samu matsayi na farfesa a sashen na siyasa da tattalin arziki na Kiev Polytechnic Institute. A 1906 ya zama farfesa a Moscow Commercial Cibiyar. Bulgakov ta laccoci daidai da hanyar da ya nema, da yawa daga cikinsu za a buga a matsayin falsafa da bunkasar tattalin arzikin ayyukansu. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa siyasa da tattalin arziki da kuma Tauride University farfesa tauhidin da Canon dokar da tauhidin a Prague.

Irin abubuwan da na zaman jama'a aiki

Bayan shiga cikin Marxists a 1903. Bulgakov Sergey tsunduma a bisa doka kafa majalisa na kungiyar Liberation, wanda mambobin sun Berdyaev, Vladimir Vernadsky, VI kaburbura. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na ayyukan da kungiyar tarayyar Bulgakov yada m ra'ayoyi, kamar yadda editan mujallar "New Way". A shekarar 1906, da Falsafa daukan wani aiki sashi a cikin halittar Union of Kirista siyasa, daga wanda faruwa a karo na biyu mataimakin na Jihar Duma a 1907. Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, da ra'ayoyi antimonarchist gushe ba sunã a kusa da shi, kuma ya tafi zuwa ga kishiyar sashi. Tun daga nan, ya ba ƙoƙari ya tafiyar da zamantakewa ƙungiyoyi da kuma mayar da hankali ta aiki a kan rubuce-rubuce na falsafa da kuma aikin jaridar ayyukansu.

addini falsafa

A 1910, Sergei Bulgakov, wanda falsafa ne zuwa ga babban batu na ta ci gaba, ya gana da Pavlom Florenskim. Zumuncin da ke tsakanin biyu gabascin ƙwarai wadãtar da Rasha ra'ayin. A wannan lokacin Bulgakov karshe ya dawo zuwa kirjinsa na addini, Kirista falsafa. Da ya bi ta a cikin coci-m al'amari. A 1917 da littafin da littafinsa-mataki "tare da unfading Light," kuma wannan shekara Sergey daukan bangare a cikin All-Russian Local Council, wanda ya mayar da patriarchate a kasar.

Hadishi a lokacin mai yawa tunanin game da hanyoyi na ci gaba ga kasar da kuma masana. Ya dandana juyin juya halin a matsayin mai ban tausayi mutuwa na dukan abin da yake masoyi a gare shi a rayuwa. Bulgakov yi imani da cewa a cikin wannan wuya lokacin a kan kafadu na firistoci da na musamman manufa domin ya ceci 'yan Adam da kuma ibada. A yakin basasa karfafa gabar Apocalypse da kuma tura Sergei Nikolaevich for muhimmanci yanke shawara a rayuwa.

firist Way

A shekarar 1918, Bulgakov da aka wajabta a firist. Ƙaddamar faruwa a ranar Yuni 11 a Danilovsky sufi. Uba Sergius hankali tare da sarki Tikhon da hankali ya fara wasa da wani fairly muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Rasha Church, amma shi ya canza yaki. A shekara ta 1919 ya tafi zuwa ga Crimea karba iyalinsa, amma ya koma Moscow ya ba zai ƙara yin ƙaddara. A wannan lokaci, da Bolsheviks Bulgakov ware daga koyarwa ma'aikatan na Moscow Commercial Cibiyar. A Simferopol, ya aiki a jami'a kuma ya ci gaba da rubuta falsafa ayyukansu. Amma da ta je Soviet gwamnati nan da nan rabu da shi wannan damar.

ƙaura

A 1922, Sergei Bulgakov, wanda littattafai ba yarda ga sabon, Soviet hukumomi, aka aika zuwa Konstantinoful da iyalinsa. Ya aka ba a sa hannu a kan wani daftarin aiki inda ya bayyana cewa ya aka aiko daga RSFSR har abada, kuma idan na koma za a kashe. Daga Konstantinoful Bulgakov koma Prague.

Sergey ya taba nema ya bar mahaifarsa, wanda ya sosai masoyi a gare shi. All ransa ya yi magana da girman kai game da Rasha asalin da wani aiki goyon bayan Rasha al'adu, tilasta zama a kasashen waje. Ya mafarkin taba zuwa ziyarci Rasha, amma shi ya kasance ba ya zama. A gida yake dan Bulgakovyh Fedor, wanda suka ba za su taba gani.

Prague lokaci

A 1922, Bulgakov Sergey zo zuwa Prague, inda ya fara aiki a Rasha Cibiyar da Faculty of Law. A wannan lokacin, Prague aka kira "Rasha Oxford" a nan bayan juyin juya hali a hada da irin wannan wakilan addini falsafa a matsayin Lossky, G. Vernadsky, Struve, P. Novgorodtsev. A cikin shekaru biyu, Bulgakov sanar da tauhidin nan. Bugu da kari, ya yi sabis a cikin dalibi coci na Prague, a daya daga cikin kewayen birni parishes.

Bulgakov zauna a institute dakunan kwanan dalibai da ake kira "Svobodarna", wanda ya kawo tare da wani m tawagar Rasha masana kimiyya da gabascin. Uba Sergius ya kafa mujallar "The ruhaniya duniya na dalibi," wanda aka buga ban sha'awa articles tauhidin ciki. Ya kuma zama daya daga cikin manyan masu shirya na "Rasha Student Kirista Movement", wanda mambobi ana manyan Rasha emigre gabascin da masana kimiyya.

Paris lokaci

A shekara ta 1925, Uba Sergius da iyalinsa ya koma Paris, inda, tare da gudummawar, ya bude da farko Orthodox tauhidin Institute, shugaban makaranta da kuma farfesa wanda ya zama. Tun shekara ta 1925, ya sa da yawa daga tafiye-tafiye, tafiya kusan duk kasashen Turai da Arewacin Amirka. Paris lokaci ma ya bambanta m falsafa aiki Bulgakov. Mafi shahararren daga cikin ayyukansa na wannan zamani ne: trilogy "Ɗan Rago na Allah", "Bride na Ɗan Ragon," "Ta'azziya", da littafin "Burning Bush". Kamar yadda shugaban makaranta na St. Sergius Bulgakov, Sergei Halicci real m cibiyar na Rasha al'ada a Paris. Yana shirya da aikin a kan yi na hadaddun, da ake kira "Sergey House." Domin shekaru 20 na shugabancinsa akwai bayyana wani karamin gari gine-gine da kuma Ikklisiyoyi. Uba Sergius kuma yi aiki tare da matasa, zama wani shahararren malami da kuma shawarta ga dalibai.

Manyan gwaji ya jimre da Bulgakov a cikin yakin duniya na biyu, ya kasance a wannan lokaci riga da lafiya, amma ko da a cikin wadannan yanayi ba su daina aikinsa don ƙirƙirar wani addini-falsafa ayyukansu. Shi ne sosai damu game da makomar mahaifarsa da kuma fadin Turai.

Sophiology Bulgakov

A falsafa ra'ayi na Bulgakov ne inextricably nasaba da tauhidin. A tsakiyar ra'ayin - Sophia hikima na Allah - ya ba sabon addini da tunani, shi ya rayayye ɓullo da Soloviev, amma Uba Sergius ta zama mai zurfi ciki kwarewa, wahayi ne. Addini-falsafa rubuce-rubucen Bulgakov rasa mutunci da daidaito, wajen, shi ne furuci a cikin littafan su, ya gaya game da nasa sufi kwarewa. Main ruhaniya manufar ka'idarsa, Sophia da hikimar Allah, an fahimci a hanyoyi daban-daban: daga embodiment femininity matsayin kafuwar duniya zuwa babban unifying karfi abubuwa, da duniya hikima da kuma nagarta. A ka'idar Bulgakov aka yi masa hukuncin da Orthodox Church, ya ba da ake zargi da karkatacciyar koyarwa, amma nuna da kuskure da kuma auna daidai ba. A ka'idar da aka ba tsiwirwirinsu cikakken irin da ya zauna a cikin wani fairly bambancin tunani.

Personal rai

Bulgakov Sergey Nikolaevich rayu wani mai arziki rai events. Back a 1898, ya auri 'yar da mai masauki Elene Ivanovne Tokmakovoy, wanda ya dauki shi duk rayuwa ta gwaji, kuma akwai mutane da yawa. Ma'auratan sun yara bakwai, amma kawai biyu na su tsira. Mutuwar uku Ivasheka ya zama mai zurfi, ban tausayi kwarewa ga Bulgakov, ta tura da zurfin tunani ga yin tunãni a kan hikimar duniya. A 1939, firist ya tarar da makogwaro ciwon daji, ya yi mashi mai tsanani aiki a kan vocal igiya, amma koya ta hanyar gagarumin} o} arin ce bayan wancan. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1944 ya sha wahala a bugun jini, wanda ya kai ga mutuwa na 13 Yuli 1944.