Animism - shi ... Idan kuma me ya sa ya yi animism

A duniya akwai mutane da yawa daban-daban addinai da kuma imani. Wasu daga cikin su suna gane da mafi yawan mutane, kamar yadda wasu har yanzu zama da yawa m da kuma rufe. A wannan labarin na so in yi magana game da dalilin da ya sa, idan kuma ya sa ya yi da animism, kuma shi inherently ne.

nadi Concepts

Don fara fahimtar wani topic wajibi ne a koma ga ta Concepts. Bayan duk, shi ne sau da yawa isa kawai don san ma'anar da babban kalmomi gane da abin da za a tattauna. Saboda haka, a cikin wannan embodiment, irin lokaci ne irin wannan abu a matsayin "animism." Fassara daga Latin, shi sauti kamar "da animus", wanda ke nufin "ruhu, da rai." Yanzu za ka iya yin sauki Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa animism - wani imani da wani iri-iri na ba-ababan halitta, kamar ruhohi ko rayuka da suka iya zama a cikin wani m iri-iri abubuwa, mamaki ko abubuwa, bisa ga nuances na gaskatawar wasu kabilu ko al'ummu.

Main a Taylor ka'idar

A kimiyya da wannan ra'ayi da aka gabatar da Falsafa Taylor ta a ƙarshen XIX karni. The sosai guda Kalmar "animism" ya gabatar da lokaci a cikin wurare dabam dabam Bajamushe masanin kimiyya GE Stahl. Taylor ya yi ĩmãni da wannan tsari imani ma sauki, musamman ga mafi tsoho kabilu. Ko da yake shi ne daya daga cikin tsaoho siffofin addini, a ka'idar, Taylor da yawa m. A cewar shi, da imani da na mutãnen farkon ya samo asali a cikin biyu kwatance. Farko shi ne sha'awar yin tunãni a kan mafarkai, da matakai na haihuwa da mutuwa, muhawara bayan daban-daban trance jihohin (wanda ya hada saboda daban-daban hallucinogens). Godiya ga wannan, akwai wasu m mutane tunani game da wanzuwar rãyukansu, wanda daga baya ya girma a cikin wani tunani na su sake ma su matsugunni, da afterlife , da dai sauransu Na biyu shugabanci an haɗa da cewa zamanin d mutane sun kasance a shirye don ba da rai duk su kewaye, to ba da rai da shi. Saboda haka, da suka yi imani da cewa itatuwa, sama, iyali abubuwa - duk wannan ma yana da rai, wani abu yana so, kuma abin da tunani dukan abu yana da motsin zuciyarmu da tunaninmu. Daga baya, bisa ga Taylor, wadannan addinan ci gaba a cikin shirka - da imani da ikon yanayi, da ikon da matattu kakanninsa, sa'an nan baki ɗaya a tauhidi. A ƙarshe daga cikin Taylor ka'idar iya yi da wadannan: a ra'ayinsa, animism - a mafi žarancin addini. Kuma wannan ra'ayin a matsayin tushen, da yawa malaman sau da yawa ya dauki daban-daban kwatance. Duk da haka, domin kare kanka da gaskiya shi dole ne a ce cewa ka'idar ma yana da nasa kasawan, abin da bãyar da shaidar ethnographic data (ba ko da yaushe na farko addini hada da mabiya addinan gargajiya imani). Modern masana kimiyya sun ce cewa animism - ne kafuwar mafi yau data kasance imani da kuma addinai da kuma animism abubuwa na kowa da mutane da yawa.

game ruhohi

Sanin cewa animism - mai imani a cikin ruhohi, yana da daraja a kusa look at abin da ya ce Taylor kansa. Saboda haka, ya yi tsammani cewa imani a cikin wani mafi girma har tushen a kan waɗanda suke ji cewa wani mutum abubuwan lokacin barci ko trance musamman. Yau, shi za a iya idan aka kwatanta da wadanda majiyai cewa ne muhimmi a cikin mutum, misali, a kan deathbed. The sosai guda mutumin wanzu a cikin biyu daban-daban raka'a a cikin yanayi: shi ne jikin material, da kuma rai, m. Wannan kawai kurwa za ta iya barin jiki harsashi don motsawa daga daya jiha zuwa wani, motsa, t. E. Don zama bayan da mutuwar jiki. Bisa ga ka'idar Taylor a kan animism, kurwa za ta iya yin abubuwa da yawa fiye da kawai tafi zuwa ƙasar matattu da kuma afterlife. Idan so, zai iya sarrafa rai zumunta sadarwa tare da su ta hanyar wasu mutane (msl, shamans) domin aika saƙonnin su shiga a daban-daban holidays sadaukar matattu kakanninsu da sauransu.

fetishism

Ya kamata kuma ce cewa fetishism, totemism, animism - shi ne irin wannan a cikin yanayi addinai da cewa wani lokacin bayyana fita daga juna. Saboda haka sau da yawa animism iya ƙarƙashinsu a cikin fetishism. Abin da ake nufi? Ancient mutane kuma sun gaskata cewa ruhu ba dole ba ne su yi saiwa a bayan da mutuwar jiki a cikin wannan jiki, ya iya zuwa duk wani abubuwan dake kewaye. Fetishism a ainihin - da imani da ikon da kewaye (duk ko wasu, kamar mutummutumai), baiwa da wani rai. Sau da yawa sosai fetishism malalo daga kowa imani da cewa dukkan kewaye da rai, a cikin wani more kunkuntar mayar da hankali. An misali iya zama cikin magabatan na shrine na Afirka kabilu , ko Generic Allunan Sin, wanda na dogon lokaci sujada, da imani da su ƙarfi da iko. Very sau da yawa amfani guraye da shamans, zabar ga cewa na musamman abu. An yi imani da cewa akwai yi kawaici a cikin rai na shaman, a lokacin da ya bada jikinsa don sadarwa tare da ruhun matattu.

Mnogodushie

Riga da sanin cewa animism - mai imani a cikin ruhohi, ya kamata mu ma ce cewa wasu kabilu har yanzu yi ĩmãni a gaskiyar cewa mutum na iya samun dama rayuka, wanda da daban-daban manufa da kuma rayuwa a sassa daban-daban na jiki: a saman, feet ko hannuwa. Game da viability na shawa, ta iya zama bambance bambancen. Wasu daga cikin su iya kasance a cikin kabari da matattu, yayin da wasu da aka aiko zuwa ga afterlife ga m tsaya a can. Kuma wasu kawai ya koma wani yaro, to ba da rai da shi. Misalai ne Yakuts, suka yi ĩmãni da abin da mutum yake rayuka takwas, da wata mace - da bakwai. A wasu addinan na iyaye a haifi wani yaro ba shi wata tsokar ransa, wanda kuma za a iya ce da mnogodushii.

totemism

Similar a cikin yanayi zuwa animism totemism. Mutane sukan endow rai da aka ba kawai abubuwan dake kewaye, amma kuma dabbobi da cewa rayuwa a can. Duk da haka, a wasu kabilu yi imani da cewa dukkan dabbobi suna da wani rai, da kuma a wasu - kawai 'yan ake kira totemic dabbobi, da kuma wanda ya bauta wa wannan kabila. Amma ga rayukan dabbobi, an yi tunanin cewa su ma san yadda za a motsa. Ban sha'awa shi ne gaskiya cewa da yawa suka gaskata: rayukan matattu mutane za su iya matsawa ba kawai a kan sabon mutum, amma kuma a totem dabba. Kuma mataimakin versa. Sau da yawa sosai, a totem dabba amsa kamar yadda mai kula ruhu na kabilar.

animatism

Sanin cewa animism - wani imani da ikon ruhohi, shi ne zama dole a ce 'yan kalmomi game da wannan imani a matsayin animatism. Wannan imani a cikin wata babbar faceless karfi cewa rãyarwa kome a kusa da. Wannan na iya zama yawan aiki, mutum arziki, da takin gargajiya na dabbobi. Muna iya amincewa ce cewa wadannan addinan sun muhimmi ba kawai ga tsoho mutane, har yanzu suna da rai a yau. Alal misali, a Indiya yi imani da cewa akwai mutane da yawa daban-daban ruhohi cewa live a tuddai, gandun daji, filayen. Bongi (Indian turare) na iya zama duka biyu nagarta da mugunta. Kuma sake tabbata da su ko cajole, kuma a yanzu sun kawo daban-daban, da kyautai, shirya bikin miƙa hadaya.

game da yanayi

Animism - wani addini da ya bada rayukan duk kewaye. Alal misali, mazauna na cikin Andaman Islands yi imani da cewa m ikon ne na halitta mamaki da kuma yanayi (rãnã, teku, iska, watã). Duk da haka, bisa ga su, wadannan ruhohi sun sau da yawa fushi da kuma ko da yaushe kokarin cuta mutum. Alal misali, ruhun cikin dazuzzuka-Erem chaugala iya cuta ko kashe wani mutum ba ya ganuwa kibau, da kuma wani mugun ruhu da kuma wani m teku iya buga wa mutumin da wani m cutar. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda da yanayin da ruhohi suke, kuma patrons da mutum kabilu. Saboda haka, wasu gan shi kamar yadda majiɓincinsu, a rana, wasu - iska, da dai sauransu Amma sauran ruhohi ma bukatar girmama da kuma bauta musu, ko da yake sun iya zama ƙasa da dacewa zuwa ga wani musamman kauyen.

A karshen

Sha'awa, bisa ga ra'ayin da magoya na animism, dukan kewaye duniya gaba daya lugar da mutum rayuka da zai iya rayuwa a cikin da dama daga batutuwa, kazalika da dukan halittu masu rai - dabbobi, da shuke-shuke. The sosai guda mutum rai a general ne mai girma darajar a kwatanta da jiki.

Abin da yake da muhimmanci shi ne gaskiya cewa duk abin da yake da ha ari ko ko iskar, kamar yadda ya zama al'ada ga mutum ya ba da rai. Sau da yawa, shi ya yi imani da cewa volcanoes, m duwãtsu su ne mazaunin daban-daban ruhohi, da kuma, alal misali, ana sa da shigowa da fushi ko rashin ayyuka na mutane. Ya kamata a ce cewa duniya animists aka kuma sanaki daban-daban dodanni da kuma kawo hadari halittun kamar vindigo da Indians, amma kuma m halittun - fairies, elves. Duk da haka, kamar Taylor da mabiyansa ba na animism, cewa addini ne ba m. Ta ne halin da nasu musamman dabaru, bi da bi, wani asali tsarin na imani. Amma ga kyauta, da a yau ne mai wuya a samu wata al'umma da cewa shi ne gaba daya animistic, amma abubuwa da wannan sabon abu ga mutane da yawa, har yanzu suna aiki a yau, duk da cewa mutum ne da gaske Kirista ko mai bin wani zamani addini.