Amines - a ... Structure, Properties, amines azuzuwan

Amines zo a cikin rayuwar mu, kwatsam. Har kwanan nan, shi ne m abubuwa, karo da abin da zai iya kai ga mutuwa. Kuma a yanzu, bayan rabin karni, muna rayayye ta yin amfani da roba zaruruwa, Textiles, kayan gini, dyes, wadda ake bisa amines. A'a, ba su zama mafi aminci, kawai mutane sun kasance iya "hora" da kuma batun, extracting wasu amfani wa kansu. Game da abin da shi ne, kuma za mu yi magana da kara.

definition

Amines - shi ne gudanar da mahadi samu daga ammonia kwayoyin a cikin abin da hydrogen aka maye gurbinsu hydrocarbon radicals. Suna iya zama har zuwa hudu a lokaci guda. A sanyi da kuma yawan radicals kwayoyin ƙayyade da jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na amines. Bayan hydrocarbons, irin mahadi iya hada aromatic ko aliphatic radicals, ko hade daga gare ta. A hallmark wannan aji ne gaban RN-moiety, a cikinsa R - shi ne Organic kungiyar.

rarrabuwa

Duk da amines za a iya raba uku manyan kungiyoyin:

1. By da yanayin da hydrocarbon m.
2. By yawan radicals a haɗe zuwa nitrogen zarra.
3. Bisa ga yawan amino kungiyoyin (mono-, di-, tri -, da dai sauransu ...).

Na farko da kungiyar hada aliphatic amines ko iyakance, wanda wakilan methylamine da methylethylamine. Har ila yau, aromatic - misali, aniline ko phenylamine. Names Wakilai na ruƙuni na biyu an kai tsaye alaka da adadin hydrocarbon radicals. Saboda haka, ya zama ruwan dare farko amines (dauke daya nitrogen kungiyar), na biyu (da ciwon biyu nitrogen kungiyoyin a hade tare da daban-daban Organic kungiyoyin) da kuma manyan (correspondingly da ciwon uku nitrogen kungiyoyin). Sunayen da manyan kungiyar magana don kansu.

Nomenclature (samuwar da take)

Domin siffar ta fili sunan ga sunan kwayoyin kungiyar wanda yana da nasaba da nitrogen, ƙara prefix "Amin, Amin," da kuma kungiyoyin da kansu suna da aka ambata a cikin Tsarin Harafi Bayan Harafi, misali: metilprotilamin ko methyldiphenylamine (a cikin wannan harka, "di" na nuna cewa fili ya biyu radicals phenyl). A yarda ya zama take, kafuwar wanda shi ne carbon, da kuma wakiltar da wani amino kungiyar a matsayin substituent. Sa'an nan da matsayi na ta index aka ƙaddara karkashin nadi memba, misali, CH ₃ CH ₂ CH (NH ₂₎ CH ₂ CH _3. Wani lokaci a saman kusurwar dama na siffa nuna ordinal yawan carbon.

Wasu daga cikin mahadi har yanzu riƙe maras muhimmanci, sanannun Saukake sunaye kamar aniline, misali. Bugu da kari, wasu daga cikinsu na iya gamu da irin wannan cewa suna da kuskure kõma sunayen da aka yi amfani a kan wani par da tsanaki, saboda masana kimiyya da kuma mutane da nisa daga kimiyya, shi ya fi sauƙi, kuma mafi dace wajen sadarwa da kuma fahimtar juna

jiki Properties

A sakandare Amine, kamar farko, iya kafa hydrogen shaidu tsakanin kwayoyin, ko da dan kadan weaker fiye da al'ada. Wannan gaskiya ta bayyana hakan tafasar batu (sama da ɗari digiri), muhimmi amines, a kwatanta da sauran mahadi ciwon kama kwayoyin nauyi. Manyan Amine, saboda rashin NH-kungiyoyin ba su iya hydrogen bonding, ta haka ya fara tafasa riga at tamanin da tara digiri Celsius.

A dakin da zazzabi (goma sha takwas - ashirin digiri Celsius) kawai ƙananan aliphatic amines ne a cikin nau'i na tururi. A talakawan zaman a cikin wani ruwa jihar, kuma mafi girma - a cikin m. All amines azuzuwan da takamaiman wari. Ƙananan kwayoyin radicals a DNA, don haka shi ne mafi fili daga kusan odorless mafi girma ƙanshi mahadi kamun kifi na tsakiya da kuma ƙananan wari ammonia.

A amines iya samar da karfi hydrogen shaidu da ruwa, watau su ne da narkewa a cikinta. A mafi cikin kwayoyin ne ba a cikin hydrocarbon m, da ƙasa da narkewa.

sinadaran Properties

Kamar yadda shi ne ma'ana ya ɗauka, amines - ne Kalam na ammonia, ya kuma inganta da kaddarorin suna kama. Akwai wajen iri uku sinadaran interactions wanda aka yiwu a mahadi.

1. Da farko, ka yi la'akari da kaddarorin na Amine matsayin tushe. Ƙananan (aliphatic) hadawa da ruwa kwayoyin ba wani alkaline dauki. Bond aka kafa a kan wani bayarwa-Mai karɓar inji, saboda gaskiyar cewa nitrogen yana da wani unpaired electron. By maida martani duk amines tare acid don ya samar salts. Wannan shi ne mai ɗamfarar, sosai ruwa mai narkewa abubuwa. Aromatic amines nuna wani rauni tushe Properties, tun da unshared electron biyu da aka canja zuwa benzene zobe kuma interacts tare da electrons.
2. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka. A manyan Amine aka oxidized sauƙi hadawa da oxygen a yanayi iska. Bugu da kari, duk amines za a iya kunna ta wani bude wuta (sabanin ammonia).
3. Hulda da nitrous acid da aka yi amfani da sunadarai rarrabe tsakanin wani Amine, tun da kayayyakin wannan dauki dogara ne a kan yawan kwayoyin kungiyoyin ba a cikin Kwayar Komayya:

• m primary amines kafa daga dauki na alcohols.
• aromatic farko irin wannan yanayi ba phenols.
• secondary tuba zuwa nitroso mahadi (as evidenced da halayyar wari).
• manyan form salts cewa an hallaka sauri, don haka muhimmancin wannan wani dauki ba.

A musamman Properties na aniline

Aniline ne a fili da ciwon da kaddarorin muhimmi ga duka wani amino kungiyar da kuma benzenes. Wannan bayani da juna rinjayar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin. A daya hannun, a benzene zobe raunana asali (m. E. alkaline) aniline bayyananen a cikin kwayoyin. Su runtse fiye da aliphatic amines da ammonia. Amma a daya bangaren, a lokacin da amino kungiyar na da wani sakamako a kan benzene zobe, ya zama akasin haka, mafi aiki da kuma shiga cikin canzawa halayen.

Domin ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa tabbatar da dalilin da aniline mahadi a cikin bayani ko amfani dauki tare da bromine ruwa, a cikin abin da kasan karshen tube farin precipitate na 2,4,6-tribromanilina.

Amines a cikin yanayi

Amines ake samu a ko'ina a yanayi a cikin nau'i na bitamin, hormones, matsakaiciyar kayayyakin da metabolism, kuma suna da, a cikin jikin dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke. Bugu da kari, a lokacin da lalata da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta kuma sami wani sakandare amines, wanda suke a cikin ruwa a jihar suna yada bad wari herring brine. Yadu aka bayyana a cikin adabi "gawar guba" ya bayyana godiya ga takamaiman wari amines.

Na dogon lokaci da muka dauke da abu gauraye da ammonia saboda irin wari. Amma a cikin tsakiyar karni na sha tara Faransa sunadarai Wurtz iya haduwa methylamine da ethylamine, da kuma tabbatar da cewa suna emit lokacin ƙone hydrocarbons. Wannan wani bambancin daga mahadi da aka ambata ammonia.

Shiri na amines a masana'antu yanayi

Tun da nitrogen zarra a cikin amines ne a wani ƙananan hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar, da dawo da nitrogen-dauke da mahadi ne mafi sauki da kuma m hanya domin su shiri. Shi ne tartsatsi a cikin masana'antu yi saboda ta cheapness.

Na farko hanya ne akan rage nitro mahadi. A dauki a lokacin da kafa aniline da aka sani a matsayin masanin kimiyya Zinin da aka gudanar karo na farko a cikin tsakiyar karni na sha tara. Na biyu Hanyar da aka tanadi amides amfani lithium aluminum hydride. Daga nitriles ne kuma zai yiwu don mayar da primary amines. The uku wani zaɓi - da alkylation dauki, watau gabatarwar alkyl kungiyoyin a cikin kwayoyin na ammonia.

A amfani da amines

Kansu, a cikin hanyar m abubuwa, amines ana amfani da kadan. Daya daga cikin 'yan misalai na - polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) wanda a cikin wani gida yanayi facilitates hardening na epoxy guduro. M, na farko, na biyu ko manyan Amine - shi ne tsaka-tsaki a samar da daban-daban Organic abubuwa. A mafi mashahuri ne aniline. Ya - tushen babban palette na aniline dyes. A launi cewa zai hallara a karshen, dogara kai tsaye a kan zaba abu. Pure aniline bada blue color, da kuma cakuda aniline, ortho- da para-toluidine zai zama ja.

Aliphatic amines ake bukata domin shiri na polyamides, kamar nailan da sauran roba zaruruwa. Suna amfani da inji aikin injiniya, kazalika a yi na igiyoyi, yadudduka da kuma fina-finai. Bugu da kari, aliphatic diizotsinaty used a yi na polyurethanes. Saboda ta kwarai Properties (lightness, ƙarfi, sassauci da kuma ikon bi duk saman) da ake bukata a yi (kumfa, manne) da kuma a cikin takalma masana'antu (zamewa tafin kafa).

Medicine - wani yanki a cikinsa amines ana amfani. Chemistry taimaka haduwa su a cikin wani rukuni na maganin rigakafi sulfonamides, wanda aka samu nasarar yi amfani da matsayin na biyu-line kwayoyi, watau madadin. A yanayin da kwayoyin cuta wajen samar da juriya ga asali kwayoyi.

Cutarwa effects a kan jikin mutum

An sani cewa amines - wannan shi ne wani sosai guba abu. Rauni iya haifar da wani hulda da su: inhalation na vapors, lamba tare da bude fata, ko ingress sadarwa cikin jiki. Mutuwa ya auku daga rashin oxygen, don haka kamar yadda amines (musamman aniline) ta ɗaure zuwa haemoglobin a cikin jini, kuma kada ku bayar da shi zuwa kama kwayoyin da oxygen. Gangami cututtuka su ne shortness na numfashi, blue nasolabial alwatika da kuma sauki, tachypnea (m numfashi), tachycardia, asarar sani.

A hali na lamba daga cikin wadannan abubuwa a kan fallasa sassa na jiki dole ne a cire da sauri su da auduga a baya tsoma a barasa. Wannan ya kamata a yi kamar yadda a hankali kamar yadda yiwu haka kada su ƙara yanki na samu. Idan akwai cututtuka da guba - tabbata tuntubar likita.

Aliphatic amines - mai guba da juyayi da kuma zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin. Sun iya sa ciki na hanta da kuma ta degeneration kuma ko da ciwon daji na mafitsara cuta.