Ambaliyar ruwa - abin da ke da wannan? Sanadin da kuma sakamakon na avalanches

Tiger cikin wani rago fata ya kira m da farko duba, da fari snow Mathias Zdarsky - Austria bincike wanda ya yi karatu da tambaya ga abin da yake wani ambaliyar ruwa. M fadowa snow fascinates ko waɗanda bã Ya son hunturu - kuma kyakkyawan hoto, kamar hikaya. Kuma sannu a hankali tashi zuwa ƙasar crystal taurari ƙirƙirar ƙarya ra'ayi na fragility, defenseless taushi. Duk da haka, tsãwa aiki snowfalls fraught tare da hadari, da kuma tsanani. Bayan duk na kadan snowflakes iya girma ba kawai drifts, amma kuma avalanches. Saboda haka, abin da yake ambaliyar ruwa? Definition wannan ra'ayi ne da aka nuna a kasa. Kuma yanzu a bit na tarihi.

A takaice dai tarihi

A duk yiwuwa, da ambaliyar ruwa - wani sabon abu da yake kamar yadda tsohon matsayin da duwãtsu, kuma m gangara, kuma a kan na farko manyan sikelin-haduwa da dusar ƙanƙara, haddasa mutuwar daruruwan mutane, har ma Polybius ambaci a cikin mahallin tarihin Carthaginian sojojin tafiya a fadin Alps. Kuma a general, wannan dutse range, aka zaba ta hanyar hikers da climbers, "a baya" dogon tarihi na hatsarori. Ba abin mamaki cewa a karni na ashirin a wasu yankunan bauta Mass a ƙwaƙwalwar daga cikin wadanda aka karkashin dusar ƙanƙara drifts, saboda a wannan yanayin, wani ambaliyar ruwa - yana da wani zafi da baƙin ciki a gare dangi da kuma abokai na anda abin ya shafa da ta gangare. Shi ne kuma lura da cewa a cikin daya daga cikin na karshe hunturu na yakin duniya na wannan halitta sabon abu sun kashe fiye da sojoji a kan Austro-Italian gaban, fiye da kai tsaye a cikin tashin. A Disamba 16, 1916 gangara a tarihi a matsayin "Black Alhamis", a lokacin da aka rasa wata rana shida dubu mutane. Hemingway, wanda yake a cikin Alps a lokacin wannan lokaci lokaci kuma ya bayyana definition na abin da ake nufi ambaliyar ruwa, ya bayyana cewa, hunturu avalanches ne m, kwatsam kuma kawo tare da su da take mutuwa.

Sha wahala daga "fari mutuwa" da kuma mutane na Norway, Iceland, Bulgaria, Amurka, da Rasha Federation, Canada da kuma kasashen Asiya: Turkey, da Nepal, da Iran, Afghanistan, da kuma a baya da kuma shan la'akari da wadanda sun fi mayar da wadanda ba babu. Dubban rayuka a asusun na avalanches, ya karya daga duwãtsu Huascaran a Peru.

Mene ne wani ambaliyar ruwa? A etymology na kalmar

A zamanin d Romawa kira wannan sabon abu "wani tari na snow." Kowane al'umma da kansa definition. Me kuke nufi - da ambaliyar ruwa? Wannan shi ne wani kyakkyawan, farin ciki da kuma na halitta hadura. Abin sha'awa sosai ma'anar kalmar "ambaliyar ruwa", da asalin wanda Lab Latin tushen, ma'ana "rashin zaman lafiya", ko da yake a Rasha harshen shi ya fadi a cikin Jamus, saboda akwai drevnegermanskogo Lavine definition. Buddhist m Xuan Zang poetically kira su "fari dragon", da kuma lokacin Pushkin kira ambaliyar ruwa avalanches. A cikin Alps da kuma a cikin Caucasus, "magana" bayyana riga sunayen mutum duwãtsu, gorges da kwaruruka. Alal misali, gandun daji ko Lansky Zeygalan Hoch ( "dutse, daga abin da avalanches ne ko da yaushe"). Wani lokaci da ikon karanta onomastics ko da yake ba gaya duk game da snow drifts, amma unforeseen hali iya ajiye.

Mene ne ambaliyar ruwa

Ambaliyar ruwa - shi ne daya daga cikin iri na landslides, wani babban taro na snow cewa motsa ko da dama a kashe dutsen gangara a ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi. Ya Halicci layi daya kalaman na iska, lissafin kudi da kuma lissafi ga wani gagarumin wani ɓangare na rushewa da lalacewa, wanda kusan babu makawa a cikin wannan bala'i.

Bayan fara da motsi, wani ambaliyar ruwa ba zai iya dakatar, nitsewa ƙananan kuma kamawa a kan hanya da alaka da kankara, kankara tubalan, rassan da tumɓukakku ne itatuwa, juya daga exuberant farin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin datti taro mugun kama sel. Da "m tafiya" thread iya ci gaba kamar yadda dogon har shi ya tsaya a kan lebur yankunan ko a kan kwarin bene.

Dalilai influencing da haduwa da talakawa da dusar ƙanƙara duwãtsu

A Sanadin da gangaren avalanches, sun fi mayar dogara a kan tsohon snow - rufinta da yawa, surface yanayin karkashin shi, kazalika da ci gaban da sabon taro hazo. Har ila yau yana rinjayar da tsanani da rain, subsidence da hatimi murfin da iska zazzabi. Bugu da kari, a fairly mika wani bude gangara (100-500 m) shi ne manufa domin farkon ambaliyar ruwa hanya.

The main "m" na wannan halitta sabon abu ne sau da yawa ake kira da iska, saboda dusar ƙanƙara ya ishe haduwa a cikin ci gaban da 10-15 cm. A zafin jiki ne ma daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da zai iya tsokana a bala'i. Kuma idan a sifili digiri na snow rashin zaman lafiya ko akwai sauri, amma ba kasa aiki kafa (ya ko dai melted ko avalanches). Lokacin da low zazzabi barga ambaliyar ruwa lokaci ƙaruwa.

Kunna snow haduwa Can da girgizar kasa vibrations cewa ba nadiri ga tsaunuka. A wasu lokuta, rashin jirgin da kuma jet jirgin sama a kan m zones.

A general, m avalanches kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da nasaba da tashin hankali ayyukan mutane, wanda ba ko da yaushe m. Alal misali, yanzu sare gandun daji a baya aiki a matsayin wata halitta da kariya a kan dusar ƙanƙara landslides.

periodicity

Dangane da repeatability rarrabe intraannual haduwa (for hunturu da kuma bazara) da kuma nufi, wanda ya hada da, bi da bi, wani na kowa mita ambaliyar ruwa. Har ila yau nuna tsanaki ambaliyar ruwa (kowace shekara, ko kuma kowane 2-3 shekaru) kuma harben, abin da ke faruwa iyakar sau biyu da karni, abin da ya sa su musamman unpredictable.

Movement, halitta sabon abu hearth

A yanayin da motsi na da talakawa da dusar ƙanƙara da tsarin mayar da hankali ƙaddara da wadannan rarrabuwa: masauki avalanches, musamman da tsalle. A cikin hali na farko motsi snow ko a tire ko a kan wani musamman tashar. Special avalanches a lokacin da motsi rufe dukan samuwa ƙasar yankin. Amma tare da tsalle mafi ban sha'awa - suna haifi daga gutter, yana da asali a cikin wurare m kwarara. Snow nauyi da dama kamar "billa", don shawo kan wasu yankunan. A karshen irin ne m daga cikin mafi girma gudun, saboda haka, hadarin shi ne quite gwaji.

A snow ne insidious da zai iya da kyau creep up kada a gane shi da kuma abar ƙyãma, buga wani m buga kalaman Tanã darkake kõwane abu a cikin hanyar. Features na wadannan halitta ƙungiyoyi na talakawa su ne tushen kara rabo a cikin iri. Yana tsaye tafki ambaliyar ruwa - shi ne a lokacin da motsi ta auku ba a cikin dusar ƙanƙara surface, located a kasa, kazalika da datti - nunin faifai kai tsaye a ƙasa.

immensity

Dangane da lalacewar sa avalanches za a iya raba wani musamman m (su ne na halitta) - ƙara da kayan asarar ake tsanin a da ikon yinsa, kuma ko da m - hana cikin ayyukan da daban-daban da kungiyoyi da kuma kawo kafar ungulu ga zaman lafiya daukar rai ƙauyuka.

Properties snow

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da rarrabuwa hade da kaddarorin da dusar ƙanƙara, wanda shi ne tushen da ambaliyar ruwa. Ware bushe, rigar da damp. Domin na farko da aka halin high gudun da kuma iko haduwa da iska kalaman BREAKING, talakawa kansu nunawa a isasshe low yanayin zafi bayan gagarumin snowfall. Rigar ambaliyar ruwa - shi snow, wanda ya so ya bar jin dadi gangara a zazzabi sama sifili. tuki gudun nan ne kasa da a baya wadanda, amma da yawa da kuma rufe more. Bugu da kari, da tushe iya regedit, sunã mãsu jũyãwa a wuya da kuma m samuwar. Domin rigar snow avalanches albarkatun kasa ne danko sosai, rigar, da kuma taro na kowane cubic mita na da tsari na 400-600 kg, da kuma gudun motsi - 10-20 m / sec.

kundin

To, mafi sauki division - kananan da kuma kusan m, tsakiya da kuma kawo hadari da mutane, kazalika da manyan, wanda shi ne a kan ta hanyar shafe tsarin da ƙasa, da itatuwa, juya a cikin wani tari na ya da karfe kai.

Shin yana yiwuwa a hango ko hasashen da ya faru na avalanches?

Hango da haduwa da avalanches ne musamman wuya da wani babban yiwuwa, kamar yadda dusar ƙanƙara - shi ne yanayin da rabi, wanda shi ne, ta hanyar da manyan, kusan unpredictable. Hakika, akwai maps of m yankunan da kokarin duka biyu m da kuma aiki da hanyoyin da hana wannan sabon abu. Duk da haka, ya kan haifar da sakamakon da avalanches iya zama daban-daban da kuma sosai m. M hanyoyin hada da musamman garkuwa shingen, gandun daji, kallo maki ga m yankunan. Active matakai ne kamar yadda shelling yankunan yiwu landslides daga manyan bindigogi da kuma turmi raka'a zuwa fararwa da haduwa da snow talakawa a kananan batches.

Slipping da zafi avalanches a wani daga cikin embodiments wakiltar wani bala'i. Ba kome, su ne kananan ko manyan. Shi ne ya zama wajibi ga la'akari duk abubuwan da suke da tasiri bisa zargin snow talakawa da su motsi a kan wani bai tabbata hanya zuwa unknown hari, don haka kamar yadda ba ya yi hadaya da abubuwa masu tsada sosai kyauta.

All game avalanches: Interesting Facts

1. ambaliyar ruwa gudu iya isa 100-300 km / h. Iko iska tsãwa nan take canza wani gida a kango, rock crushes, naushe da na USB motoci, sāke tsugunnar itãce, kuma ya halaka dukan rai da kewaye.
2. Avalanches iya tafi tare da wani daga cikin manyan duwãtsu. Babban abu da suka rufe da dusar ƙanƙara. Idan a wani musamman wuri shekaru 100 da aka ba ambaliyar ruwa, sa'an nan akwai ko da yaushe da yiwuwar cewa su iya faruwa a kowane lokaci.
3. Game da dubu 40. Don 80 dubu. Mutane a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, rasa rayukansu, suka binne a karkashin avalanches a cikin Alps. Wadannan su ne m.
4. A Amirka, (California) kewaye da dutsen mutane na St. Gabriel zurfin ramuka. Su girma ne ƙwallon ƙafa filayen. Avalanches gangarowa daga duwãtsu, makale a cikin wadannan rami kuma ba mirgine up yankunan.
5. Wannan yankunan da na halitta sabon abu ne ake kira daban a daban-daban mutane. Austrians amfani da kalmar "shneelaanen" cewa yana nufin "snow rafi", da Italiya ce "valanga" Faransa - "ambaliyar ruwa". Mun kira wannan sabon abu da ambaliyar ruwa.