Akayi na ci gaba Psychology a matsayin kimiyya tun zamanin da zuwa yau

Idan aka kwatanta da progenitor da tunani na falsafa, tarihin da samuwar da kuma ci gaban da kimiyya na kananan. Duk da haka, kafin rajista na tunani matsayin mai zaman kanta reshe na kimiyya da ilmi na da yawa ƙarni, a lokacin da kafa ilimi da kuma fahimtar da mutum rai - da irin wannan "mawuyacin halin", "m" da kuma bai tabbata ba, amma irin wannan m batun, wanda ya sadaukar da kansa ga binciken da kuma tunani. Saboda haka, babban matakai na m raya za a iya raba pre-kimiyya, wanda ya tashi a zamanin da, falsafa - sosai tsawon, a lokacin da na ƙarni tattara, da kuma kafa a cikin wani wasu ka'idar misali da kallo masana kimiyya sages game da mutumin, da "ciki duniya", da kuma kimiyya wanda ya fara daga tsakiyar XIX karni, a lokacin da suka fara a da za'ayi na farko na gwaji da bincike a wannan yanki.

Historical matakai na raya kasa na tunani farko a zamanin da. Don gane yanayin mutumin yunkurin da tsoho masana falsafa. Suka natsu da kasancewar wasu irin abu da yake da alhakin hali. Jari-hujja capita wakilta a matsayin jiki na zahiri hada da minti atoms ƙunshe yi imani da cewa m shawa wasu ephemeral abu inhabiting jikin mutum ba tare da la'akari da kwasfa a mafi girma m. Babban Falsafa Aristotle bai ware rai ko "psyche" na jiki, shi ne imani da cewa shi ne dake a cikin zuciya na wani mutum accumulates wani ilmi ne na sararin samaniya da kuma ta haka yakan taimaka wa mutum ya gane da kansa a rayuwa.

rai matsala ba Yunƙurin zuwa m tattaunawa da kuma a tsakiyar zamanai. Masana tauhidi ƙaryata falsafa rukunan rai da na halitta kimiyya da bincike, da imani da cewa duk abin da ke cikin ƙasa, kuma da mutum ke tunani musamman kulawa da hakan ikon allahntaka. Scholastics kuma kokarin connect da tauhidin koyarwar Aristotle ka'idar don bayyana terrestrial matakai daga ra'ayi na zuciyar dan Adam, "haske" na allahntaka bangaskiya.

A na gaba, saukarwa a cikin ci gaban da tunani a matsayin kimiyya yana a fara da sani da XVII karni, kuma suna da alaka da ka'idar Descartes, wanda Ya halitta a mechanistic model na hali. A cewar ta rai, located a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma toshe duk wata kafar da asalinta, shi ya bi a kan mota jijiyoyi da tsoka, wanda ba ka damar matsawa da wata gabar jiki da kuma yin wasu ayyuka. Bugu da kari, cikin shawa damar da mutum don sarrafa wannan aiki, abin da ya bambanta shi daga dabba. Wannan dualistic ka'idar, da nuna wanzuwar rai, da management jiki tare da taimakon wani inji model, duk da ci gaban ilmi a cikin mutum ilmin jikin mutum da kuma Physiology, ya dade a manyan kuma ya zama masomin da ci gaban daga baya m theories.

Akayi na ci gaba tunani a cikin XVII karni, hade da m girma na kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Chemistry, kimiyyar lissafi, kuma sa'an nan a cikin XVIII karni Physiology, don samun kusa da fahimtar yadda da watsa bayanai , a cikin jikin mutum, sun gudummawar da samuwar kuma samuwar wani kimiyya tunani. A karshe, a cikin XIX karni ta bayyana ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da kuma na farko na gwaji dakin gwaje-gwaje, kyale su tsayar da halayen da kuma ayyuka na mutum. Tun wannan lokacin, da samuwar sabuwar saukarwa a cikin ci gaban da tunani a matsayin kimiyya yana a kan hali. Wannan ya fara ne tare da Jamus masanin kimiyya W. Wundt, ya bude a 1879, na farko dakin gwaje-gwaje don nazarin abun ciki da kuma tsarin da sani. Daga baya, a irin wannan awon aka shirya a Rasha halitta masanin kimiyya V. M. Behterevym.

Modern Psychology fara ta ci gaba a karni na ashirin a matsayin tarin daban-daban bangarorin ilimi, ciki har da bincike da yankunan da tarbiyya cewa nazarin bambancin manifestations na haƙiƙa psyche da sunadaran. Tun tsakiyar karni na ashirin da wa yau matakai na raya ci gaban tunani - shi ne fitowan da kuma ci gaban mai yawan kwatance da kuma makarantu (behaviorism, fahimi, analytical, bil'adama tunani , da dai sauransu), suna da nasu ra'ayoyi game da mutane da su sunadaran da hali, sau da yawa da sabanin wasu. Duk da haka, tare da zurfafa na sanin m saba wa juna tsakanin bangarori daban-daban suna smoothed fitar, akwai wani eclectic m, dainawa na data kasance theories na Concepts da suke da mafi taimako domin ya fahimci daban-daban mamaki da kuma wajen samar da tasiri sunadaran don taimaka wa wani mutum don inganta da kuma daidaita ransa.