Ainihin dokoki na Latin harshe. A dakushe Latin

Latin - An inflected harshe (ie, shi yana da fadi da kewayon affixes), wanda nasa ne da Italian kungiyar. Yana siffofi da wani free domin na kalmomi a cikin shiri na sentences. Sunaye an ki a lambar da hali a matsayin magana da kuma manufofi (ciki har da participles) ya bambanta a yawan, hali da kuma jinsi, fi'ilai an ki ta mutane kwanan wata, lokaci, na biyu kuma karkata. Saboda haka, dakushe Latin - wani category sau da yawa amfani. Fi'ili inflections (endings da suffixes) Latin ne daya daga cikin mafi bambancin daga cikin Indo-Turai harsuna. Latin yana dauke da wani classic a harsuna.

A Brief History na Latin harshe

Latin aka asali magana a cikin Latium, Italy. Ta wurin ikon Roman Jamhuriyar Latin wãyi gari marinjãya, da farko a Italiya sa'an nan a ko'ina cikin Roman Empire. Maras ɗa'a Latin aka sake haihuwarsu a cikin harsunan Rum, kamar Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Faransa da kuma Romanian. Latin, Italiyanci da kuma Faransa suka kawo da yawa kalmomi a Turanci. Latin da tsoho Greek tushen da kuma sharuddan aka yi amfani a cikin tauhidin, ilmin halitta da kuma magani. By ƙarshen Roman Jamhuriyar (75 BC. E.) Drevnelatinsky harshen juya a cikin wani classic. Maras ɗa'a Latin aka magana form. An shaida a inscriptions da kuma ayyukan Roman playwrights kamar Plautus da Terence.

Late Latin haruffa samo asali da kuma raya kusa da na uku karni AD. Na da Latin aka yi amfani daga IX karni har da Renaissance. Bugu da ari, kamar yadda zuwan zamani Latin, ta fara fitowa. Latin ya harshen duniya sadarwa, kimiyya da kuma tauhidin. Latin harshen kimiyya ya haura zuwa XVIII karni, a lokacin da shi ya fara kau da sauran harsunan Turai. Ecclesiastical Latin ya zauna da hukuma harshen Holy See, kuma dukan Latin shagulgulan na cocin Katolika.

Tasirin Latin cikin wasu harsuna

Latin harshe a cikin magana tsari, wanda ake kira maras ɗa'a Latin (a cikin hankali - "mutane"), ya zama harshe-praosnovoy ga sauran kasa harsunan Turai, sõyayya a daya harshen reshe kira Romanesque. A asalin wadannan harsuna dangantaka tsakanin su a lokacin, akwai gagarumin bambanci, kafa ta a matsayin Latin samo asali da nasara ƙasashe ga yawan ƙarni. Latin matsayin harshen-praosnova yawa canji a ƙarƙashin rinjayar gida da 'yan asalin harsuna da yaruka.

Taƙaitaccen bayanin Latin nahawu

Latin - shi ne mai roba, inflected harshen cikin sharuddan harshen rarrabuwa. Wannan shi ne da harshen, wanda aka mamaye derivation amfani inflections. Inflections ne da irin canje-canje da tushen da kalmomi ko endings. Latin kalmomi hada lexical na ginin jumla kashi da kuma karshen tare da wani nuni ne na nahawu amfani da kalmar. A ci daga tushen, wanda daukawa da ma'anar kalma da kuma karshen Halicci sosai m abubuwa na shawara: misali, Amo, "ina son ka", sanya daga na ginin jumla da rabi, am- "soyayya", kuma ƙarshen -ō, na nuna cewa shi ne fi'ili na farko-mufradi kuma shi ne mai kari na baya baki.

Karkatar sunaye a Latin

Average Latin suna nasa ne daya daga cikin biyar manyan kungiyoyin na declinations, watau ciwon da wannan siffar endings. Karkatar Latin suna ne m da genitive hali mufuradi. Wannan wajibi ne a san genitive suna. Har ila yau, kowane hali yana da nasa karshen. declension Latin sunaye hada da wadannan.

• A farko ne na mata da sunaye, kazalika da namiji, wanda kiran wani aiki da mutum ko kabila. 1 karkatar Latin m genitive mufuradi ƙarewa -ae. Ga misali: persa - Persian. agricŏla - manomi. Amma, da farko ƙi ne da yanayin kawo karshen -A.
• 2 dakushe Latin mafi yawa ƙare da wasika - game. M, a genitive mufuradi ƙarewa -I. Biyu declension ne namiji sunaye a cikin -us, -er, a kan talakawan -um da kuma wani karamin rukuni na mata Alamu ƙare a -us.
• 3 dakushe Latin - kyawawan bambancin kungiyar na sunaye. Su za a iya raba uku main Categories.
  1. Baƙi.
  2. Wasali.
  3. Gauraye. Koyo kamata a hankali koyi da farko sassa uku.
• A karo na hudu declension, mafi yawa ya ƙare da harafin y a kalma siffofin da suna. M genitive mufuradi ƙarewa -ūs.
• A karo na biyar dakushe Latin mafi yawa ƙare da harafin -E a lokuta. M genitive mufuradi ƙarewa -ei. Wannan karamin rukuni na sunaye.

Saboda haka, dakushe Latin ne quite bambancin, saboda, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, shi ne nuna Latin inflected harshe. Karkatar manufofi a Latin harshe ba ya bambanta daga sunaye. A gaskiya, a da yawa hanyoyi shi ne kama da Rasha harshen, inda su ma guda karkatar. A mafi yawa kungiyar na kalmomi a Latin - shi ne mai suna declension 1. Latin kuma ya hada da wani yawan kalmomi da cewa ba ki.

Latin suna affixes

Gargajiya Latin yana da bakwai lokuta na suna. Karkatar manufofi a Latin daidai da ƙi sunaye. La'akari da duk bakwai lokuta:

• A nominative yanayin da ake amfani da lokacin da suna shi ne batun ko predicate. Alal misali, kalmar amor - son, puella - yarinya. Wannan shi ne na farko nau'i na suna.
• Genitive suna nuna na zuwa wani batu.
• Dative da ake amfani da idan suna ne kaikaitaccen dace da bada shawarwari da musamman fi'ilai, tare da wasu uzuri.
• Accusative hali da aka yi amfani da lokacin da suna ne kai tsaye abu na magana da tare da hujjar na nuna makõma.
• Ablative amfani idan suna nuna rabuwa ko motsi na source, Yanã shigar da kayan aiki, ko a lokacin da amfani da wani suna abu da takamaiman prepositions.
• Vocative yanayin da ake amfani da lokacin da suna nuna tunani da batun. Vocative daidai da suna form nominative, fãce ga na biyu karkatar suna kawo karshen a -us.
• Locative yanayin da ake amfani da su saka da wuri (yayi dace Rasha bigire a ko a). Amfani da wannan yanayin ne kawai a cikin wannan mahallin.

Karshen (Latin) A inducement mu sake nazari a takaice a sama. Misali for 1 declinations, su ne kamar haka: -A, -ae, -ae, -AM, -A, -A.

Karkatar sunaye a Latin aka bayyana a cikin akwati endings.

Latin fi'ili conjugations category

Talakawa fi'ili a Latin, yana nufin daya daga cikin hudu main conjugations. Tasrifu - wani aji da fi'ilai ciwon guda endings. Tasrifu yana a tsare ta wasika daga cikin tushen fi'ili na karshe kwanan wata. A tushen na yanzu lokaci za a iya samu ta hanyar omitting da tushen fi'ili da kawo karshen -re (-ri l otlozhitelnyh for fi'ilai). Da farko Tasrifu tushen fi'ili ƙare a --ā-re ko --ā-ri (aiki kuma m murya), misali: amāre - "soyayya", hortārī - "gargadi" conjugations na biyu - a kan -e-re ko -e-RI : monēre - "ka yi gargaɗi", verērī, - "da tsoro" da uku Tasrifu - to -ere, -I: dūcere - "kai", Uti - "amfani". a karo na hudu -I-re, -I-RI: audīre - "ji", experīrī - "kokarin." Saboda haka, Latin fi'ili conjugated da mutum, dangane da membobinsu na Tasrifu.

Times Latin fi'ili

A Latin akwai 6 takamaiman gina fi'ilai masu reshe (tempus), wanda shi ne kawai partially samuwa a Rasha harshe. Wadannan su ne wadannan jinsunan-siga siffofin:

• A halin yanzu.
• Past ajizai siga.
• A past perfect siga.
• Pluperfect (pluperfect) lokaci.
• A nan gaba m siga.
• Future ajizai siga.

Kowane lokaci yana da dabara da hakkin ya sami ilimi. Latin fi'ili yana da nau'i-nau'i daga yanayi da kuma na biyu.

Latin ƙamus

Tun da Latin ne Italic harshe, da yawa na ƙamus ne ma da Italic, watau protoindoevroeyskogo tsoho asalin. Duk da haka, saboda da kusa al'adu da hulda tsakanin Romawa ba kawai ta maida Etruscan haruffa zuwa Latin, amma kuma aro wasu kalmomi Etruscan. Latin kuma ya hada da wani ƙamus aro daga oskov, wani tsoho Italic mutane. Hakika, mafi girma category na rance - daga Girkanci.

Latin harsuna

Harsunan Rum - wani rukuni na harsuna da yaruka na ga Italic subgroup na Indo-Turai, da kuma da magabata - Latin. Kuma sunan - romance - ajalin zo daga Latin Romanus (Roman).

Branch of harsuna da cewa karatu cikin harsunan Rum, su asalin, ci gaba, typology, kira Romance philology. Mutanen da suke magana da su suna cinye romanoyazychnymi. Saboda haka, a matattu harshe ya ci gaba da zama a cikin su. Adadin masu magana da harsunan Rum a lokacin - game da miliyan 800 a duk duniya. The fi na kowa a cikin kungiyar da aka Spanish, sa'an nan ya bi ta hanyar Portuguese da Faransanci. A total akwai fiye da 50 na cikin harsunan Rum.