Abin da size ne karkara na Duniya

Duniya ne zagaye - wannan shi ne kowa ya san. Amma kuma har yanzu muna san game da siffar da kuma size? Wa cikinmu zai Ku tuna yadda da yawa kilomita ƙunshi Duniya ta karkara a ekweita? Kuma tare da Meridian? Suka sani, a lokacin da da kuma yadda aka farko auna tsawon kewayen duniya? A halin yanzu, wadannan da wasu binciken ne musamman mai ban sha'awa.

Domin da farko lokacin da Duniya ta karkara aka auna da tsoho Greek lissafi mai suna Eratosthenes, wanda ya rayu a cikin birnin Siena. Duk da yake masana kimiyya riga ya san cewa duniya ne a cikin nau'i shi ne Sphere. Kallon da na samaniya jiki a daban-daban sau da rana, Eratosthenes lura cewa a cikin daya da kuma lokaci guda, da rana, an lura daga Siena, aka located daidai a Zenith, a lokaci guda a Alexandria a wannan rana da awa daya ne deflected da wani kusurwan.

Abun Lura da aka sanya a kowace shekara a lokacin rani solstice. By aunawa da kwana na kayan aikin via astronomical da masanin kimiyyar gano cewa, shi ne 1/50 rabo daga cikin jimlar karkara.

Kamar yadda ka sani, ga cikakken da'ira karkacewa 360 digiri. Saboda haka, shi ne isa zuwa ga sani da tsirkiya kwana na 1 digiri (watau. E. A nisa tsakanin maki a kwance a kan katakan da wani mai kusurwa jerawa na 1 mataki da duniya ta surface). Sa'an nan, sakamakon darajar dole ne ta tara da 360.

Shan tsawon na tsirkiya nesa tsakanin biranen Iskandariya da Siena (5000 Masar, saukarwa), da kuma dauka cewa wadannan birane ne a kan wannan Meridian, Eratosthenes sanya dole lissafin kuma suna da wani adadi da ya yi daidai da karkara na Duniya - 252 dubu Masar, saukarwa.

Domin cewa lokaci shi ne wani fairly m ji, saboda abin dogara da hanyoyin for aunawa da nisa tsakanin biranen bai wanzu ba, da kuma hanya daga Siena zuwa Alexandria mataki gudun da ãyari raƙuma.

Daga bisani masana kimiyya a kasashe daban-daban da kuma ladabi da maimaitawa auna darajar wanda shi ne na karkara na duniya. A 17th karni Dutch masanin kimiyya Sibelius sunayen wata hanya zuwa ga auna da nisa da farko theodolites - musamman geodetic kida. Wannan hanya da aka kira triangulation da kuma dogara ne a kan gina wani babban yawan triangles tare da ji-akai don kowane daga cikinsu.

Hanyar triangulation ake amfani da su yau, ku dukan duniya ta surface ne kusan rarrabu kuma liyi da dogon triangles.

Rasha masana kimiyya sun kuma gudummawar da wannan bincike. A cikin karni na 19th Duniya ta karkara aka auna a Pulkovo Observatory, ya jagoranci binciken V. Ya. Struve.

Har tsakiyar 17th karni na Duniya da aka dauke da daidai ball siffar. Amma daga baya sai aka tara wasu shaidar wani karu a cikin karfi na nauyi daga ekweita da iyakacin duniya. Masana kimiyya sun nacewa muhawara da dalilai domin wannan, mafi plausible ka'ida an gane a duniya a zura sandunan matsawa.

Don gwada wannan jarrabawa, da Faransa Academy of biyu m balaguro shirya (a 1735 da kuma 1736 bi da bi), wanda auna tsawon da Equatorial da iyakacin duniya digiri, bi da bi, a Peru da kuma Lapland. Degree a ekweita, kamar yadda ya juya waje, a takaice!

Daga bisani, sauran mafi daidai ma'aunai sun tabbatar da cewa da iyakacin duniya karkara na duniya ne ya fi guntu fiye da Equatorial 21,4 km.

A halin yanzu samar high-daidaici ji da latest bincike hanyoyin zamani da kida. A kasar mu, amince da data samu ta hanyar Soviet masana kimiyya Izotovym A. A. kuma Krasovskim F. N. cewar wadannan karatu, da tsawon duniya tamu ta karkara a ekweita - 40,075.7 kilomita, tare da Meridian - 40008,55 km. A Equatorial radius daga ƙasa (.. N t semimajor axis) ne daidai to 6.378.245 mita, na iyakacin duniya (qananan axis) - 6.356.863 mita.

A yankin na duniya ta surface - 510 miliyan square. kilomita, wanda ƙasar nasa ne kawai 29%. A girma daga cikin duniya "ball" - 1,083 tiriliyan cubic mita. kilomita. A taro na duniya tamu halin da yawan 6x10 ^ 21 ton. Daga cikin wadannan, game da 7% lissafta ta ruwa.