A rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov. A mafi kyau ayyukan Chekhov

A wannan labarin, za mu gabatar muku zuwa ga rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov, da girma Rasha marubuci kuma marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo. Daga shi za ka koyi game da yadda za a aiwatar da samuwarsa a matsayin asalin marubucin m gãdon Anton Pavlovich, da ainihi da kuma hali na mahaliccin da m ayyukansu. A rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov fara bayyana wa biography.

Farkon shekaru na marubuci

Anton Chekhov aka haife shi a Taganrog. Mahaifinsa, Paul G. Chekhov, wani m shiga uku guild. Sunan tsohuwarsa Eugenia Yakovlevna. An rubuta a cikin littãfi a cikin babban coci coci na Taganrog.

Bisa ga memoirs na Chekhov 'yan'uwa da kuma kansa, tarbiyyar da aka m a cikin iyali. Ya yi karatu matasa marubuci a cikin gargajiya makaranta, ya taimaka tare da 'yar'uwarsa, da ɗan'uwansu, a wani kantin kayan miya wa mahaifinsa, da kuma rera waka a cikin mawaka, wanda aka shirya da Pavlom Georgievichem. Kamar yadda mahaifinsa, a cikin shagon da ake bukata a master ta ido, haka Anton kasancewa daga dukkan yara mafi conscientious, mafi sau da yawa samu kansa a cikin rawar da magatakarda. Na wuce a gaban nan gaba marubuci rai gallery na daban-daban adam iri, tattaunawa, haruffa. Ya zama wani unwitting shaida ga wani iri-iri na rayuwar yanayi, guzuri rikici. Duk da wannan gudummawar da cewa Anton Pavlovich precocious ilimi na mutane, ya sauri balaga.

Motsi zuwa Moscow

Uba ya tafi fatara a 1876, ya gudu zuwa Moscow daga creditors, inda iyalinsa, kuma zaunar. Dattijon da 'ya'ya maza, Nicholas kuma Alexander, ya tafi karatu a cikin babban birnin kasar a baya. Anton, duk da haka, ya zauna a cikin Taganrog gama makarantar sakandare. Ya aikata da rai da bada darussa, ko aika zuwa Moscow kudi ga iyali. Saboda haka ta fara wani zaman kanta rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov. A lokacin horo da wasan kwaikwayo "maraya" an halitta a cikin makaranta, aikin, "Abin da kaza ya raira" (vaudeville), kazalika da yawa short comic ayyukansu.

Karatu a Jami'ar

A rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov ta shekara a lokacin daga 1879 zuwa 1884 shekaru, da aka wakilta da wadannan abubuwan. A wannan lokaci, da marubuci ya zama wani dalibi a Moscow University, sai ya shiga Medical Faculty.

A lokaci guda ya wallafa wani gajeren skits, parodies, barkwanci a cikin daban-daban comic mujallu ( "Clock", "Mazari", "wani ɓaɓɓake,") a karkashin daban-daban pseudonyms (mahaifina wa, The Man Ba tare da wani baƙin ciki, Antosha Chehonte, Purselepetantov). A farko ayyukan da An buga - a parody mai taken "Letter zuwa ga masanin kimiyya maƙwabcinsa" da "Mene ne ya fi kowa ..." Duka ayyukansu aka buga a 1880. Bayan 4 shekaru akwai na farko littafin na gajejjeran labaru, marubuci, "Tatsũniyõyi ne na Melpomene", sa'an nan a cikin 1886 - "Motley Stories" a 1887 - "A faɗuwar rana", a 1890 - "ciki mutane."

A farko fitarwa daga masu karatu da kuma masu sukar

Yana ba nan da nan ya zo da fitarwa na Chekhov Rasha sukar, amma nasarar da masu karatu, ya samu da yawa a baya. Kuma wadannan sukar iya gane. Sai dai babu tabbas abin da ya riwaito ya ce Chekhov, ga abin da nufi shi ne, kamar yadda kira ga. Duk da yake shi ne ƙwarai, m kin amincewa da wa'azi, da marmarin warware "babban" al'amurran da suka shafi a cikin adabi ( "Me?", "Wãne ne ya zargi?"), Kamar yadda ya al'ada faru a cikin ayyukansu na Rasha litattafansu. Duk da haka, 'yan shekaru bayan ta halarta a karon a matsayin marubuci a 1887, Chekhov ga tarin gajejjeran labaru, mai taken "A faɗuwar rana" babbar Pushkin Prize. Shi ne mai fitarwa ba kawai daga gare shi a matsayin marubuci, amma kuma a Genre cewa ya yi Chekhov. Da yawa daga cikin Sahaban riskarsa kamar wani labari da labaru game da kansu, kuma rãyukansu. Chukovsky, misali, ya ce cewa Tolstoy da jũna Masani ne, amma ya littattafai sun kasance game da wani, kuma shi ke da labarin Chekhov ta "My Life" da aka rubuta kamar dai game da shi, karanta shi, idan kun karanta naka blog.

Likita yi da kuma ta tunani a cikin ayyukansu

An nada County likita a 1884, Chekov zama shiga a cikin likita kasuwanci.

Daga watan Afrilu zuwa Disamba 1890 da marubuci ya a tsibirin Sakhalin, ya zama a wannan lokacin da wuri inda Sahaban Anton hidima naƙudarta. Shi ne mai ƙungiyoyin yi na Chekhov, "za mutane." Anton Pavlovich a wani littafi da ake kira "The Island na Sakhalin" (shekaru na halitta - 1893-1894) yayi a matsayin mai binciken na rayuwa daga cikin mutane suna gudãna a cikin yanayi na hijira kuma naƙudarta. Tun wannan lokacin, da kalmomi na Chekhov kansa, duk aikinsa ya "prosahalineno". Alal misali, a cikin labarun da "bẽne, №6", "A zaman gudun hijira" (duka biyu da aka rubuta a 1892) zuwa daidai da kwarewa na ziyartar tsibirin. Abu mai muhimmanci ya kara tafiya jihar kiwon lafiya marubuci, ya escalated da tubercular tsari.

Motsi zuwa Melikhovo

A rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov, a takaice da biography daga abin da muka bayyana, an faruwa a Melikhovo. Czechs a 1892 sayi Estate kusa Moscow. A da shi, ya ba kawai halitta ayyukansa, amma kuma bi da manoma gano su yara da dama da makarantu, likita cibiyar, tafi lardin, wanda aka rufe da yunwa, kazalika halarci ƙidaya. Wannan gidan gona har 1898 su ne rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov. Suka rubuta ayyukansu "Rothschild ta irin goge", "fara," "The tsuntsun seagull," Malam na Wallafe-wallafe "," Uncle Vanya "da sauransu.

A. P. Chehov: rai, kerawa da kuma nasara a Yalta

Marubuci a 1898 ya koma Yalta. Akwai ya samu wani yanki na ƙasar a kan wanda gina gidan. Ziyartar Anton Pavlovich ta halarci irin wannan shahara Sahaban kamar yadda Maxim Gorky, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, Isaak Ilich Levitan.

Czechs a cikin marigayi 1880s halitta da yawa guda domin wasan kwaikwayo, kamar "Goblin", "Smith", "Wedding" da kuma vaudeville "Jubilee", "ku yi."

A 1896, ba su gane masu sauraro da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, ya sha wahala a gazawar da daya daga cikin mafi yawan sanannun yau, ya plays - "The tsuntsun seagull." Amma bayan shekaru biyu, shi ne mai girma nasarar aiwatar da Moscow Art gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ya zama wata alama ce da sabon yin zane-zane. Da dangantaka da wasan kwaikwayo a wannan lokaci na rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov. A mafi kyau ayyukan marubuci sa a cikin Moscow Art gidan wasan kwaikwayo, "Uncle Vanya" (1898), "Uku Sisters" (1901) da kuma "The Cherry Orchard" (1904). Tun bã su tafiya daga scene a gidan wasan kwaikwayo productions a duniya.

Anton Pavlovich a 1900 an zabe wani Academician na Kyawun lettres, amma ya ba da sama da take a 1902 (tare da Vladimir Korolenko), tun da zaben na Gorky Academy aka ayyana da inganci da umurnin sarki.

'yan shekarun nan

Czechs a 1901 zuwa aure O. L. Knipper, wani actress, wanda ya taka leda a Moscow Art Theater. Bayan shekaru uku, da marubuci ke kan makõma Badenweiler, Jamus, domin magani kamar yadda ya kiwon lafiya da aka tabarbarewa. Ga ya mutu a kan 2 Yuni (New Style - Yuni 15). Anton Pavlovich Chehov aka binne shi a birnin Moscow, cikin Novodevichy hurumi.

Abin da za mu koyi biography na Chekhov?

Umarni biography na Chekhov: da mutum da kansa ya kawo. KalmõminSa: "Mun yi don horar da kanka." Kamar yadda wani matashi marubuci ya ba a Chekhov, wanda aka sani a gare mu. Lokacin da matarsa ruwaito cewa Anton taushi yarda hali, ya gaya mata cewa, a gaskiya da yanayin da ya zafi-zafin da kuma kaifi, amma ya aka yi amfani da rike da baya, kamar yadda ba ta dace ta soke kansu wani mutumin kirki kamar Chekhov dauke.

Rayuwa da kuma aiki na marubuci nasaba,. Abin da ya rubuta a cikin ayyukansu, marubucin kokarin tabbatar da rãyukansu. Tarihinsa da kuma haka umarni da cewa marubuci ya iya kashe ta fushi da kuma rudeness, wajen samar da wata softness da matuqar wahala qwarai, duk da haka, babu wani daga cikin marubuta na lokaci bai yi. Wannan da aka nuna a cikin aikinsa. Bambanci tsakanin farkon Chekhov (marubucin parodies da satirical articles) da Chekhov lokacin 1890s cika fuska: daga lokacin da na halitta sami nobility, na gargajiya hani da kuma daidaito cikin sharuddan ji da kuma tunani, girma. A hankali lauye da rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov.

Favorite waqe, wanda ya sadaukar da shekaru 23 da Catherine Yunoshevoy, ya classmate ( "karshe bankwana"), a shekara daga baya ya kawo a cikin labarin, "Yã mata, mata! .." a matsayin misali na m crambo.

Chekhov canji bayyana ko a cikin bayyanar da marubuci, wanda a hade artless, yawanci Rasha dabiu da finesse da kuma babban karimci.

Anton Chekhov, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma aikin mu kwatanta, ya sosai m, m da kuma jure wahaloli da yawa mutum. Ya kasance ba a da ake kira "malamin rai" da kuma kauce masa kai tsaye magana game da ilmi, xa'a a cikin aikinsu. Amma ya littattafai ennobling ilimi darajar da aka (kuma, ba shakka, ya ci gaba da zama) sama da tasiri na wani m wa'azin. Uncompromising hali marubuci zuwa mediocrity, vulgarity, amma ƙarfin hali da kuma intransigence wannan su ne na musamman - bakin ciki, m, Chekhov.

LN Tolstoy kira Anton Pavlovich "artist na rayuwa." A kayyade wannan akwai biyu ma'ana: na nufin "artist" ba kawai "master of kalmomi." Czechs kusantar da nasa rai, to gina shi daga na farko zuwa na karshe minti daya a matsayin hujja da halin kirki Theorem.

Features na labarun Chekhov

Kamar yadda muka ce, farkon labaru na wannan Multi-faceted marubuci kamar Chekhov, muqala kuma m rai na wanda za mu takaice gabatar a wannan labarin ne sosai daban-daban daga wasu, rubuta bayan 1888. Wannan milestone da aka ambata kwatsam - an dauke da wani sauyi a aikin da muke da sha'awar a cikin marubucin. A farkon labarai ( "lokacin farin ciki da na bakin ciki", "Mutuwa ga dogari," da sauransu.) Mamaye sama duk wani comic kashi. Fantasy marubucin, ya kira kansa Purselepetantovym, Antosha Chekhonte et al., Was inexhaustible da arziki a cikin haske da kuma m funny labaru, hotuna, jigogi. Ya ya iya kiyaye su a rayuwarsu.

Wannan shi ne sautin na labaru sallama zuwa ga 1890s. Fi a da shakka, bakin ciki, nadãma marubuci, suka fi mayar philosophic. Daban-daban poetics a baya ayyukan Chekhov, shi ne aka bayyana a cikin Genre fassara wadannan halittun matsayin satirical labaru.

A gaskiya, a fili sauki ayyuka ne hadaddun, akwai zauna a gabar ba-ci, reticence. Marubucin matsayi ba nanata su. A sautin ne yawanci - lyrical irony. Tare da wani bakin ciki murmushi marubuci ya dubi a cikin wani mutum ya tuna min da kyau, kamiltaccen rai, hanyar da ta kamata ba. Babban abu na Chekhov - tada a cikin halin kirki sani na masu karatu da kuma ba Ya kãmã su ideas game da duniya da kuma mutumin, adabi da kuma rayuwar.

Features na Chekhov ta drama

Chekhov halitta nasa gidan wasan kwaikwayo, tare da musamman dramaturgical harshe. Yana da aka ba nan da nan ya gane da ya Sahaban Chekhov. Ya kwaikwaiyo ba da yawa da jũna Theatrical, clumsily yi, tare da rashin mataki, tare da erratic miƙa hirar da mai hazo ganewa na marubucin, kuma haka a kan .. Ga misali, Maxim Gorky rubuta na "The Cherry Orchard", Yanã fitar da mai sauraro bege ga kore abin hawa aiki da ba a sani ba. Chekhov Theater yanayi da aka halicci: halftone, allusions zuwa "gangarowa a ɓoye" (Nemirovich-Danchenko) - sun fi mayar da kãfin ban mamaki nema a cikin karni na 20th.

Chronotope a Chekhov ta drama

Anton Pavlovich fadada manufar chronotope (lokaci da kuma sarari), halayyar da na gargajiya Rasha adabi na karni na 19th. A cikin ayyukan magabata a cibiyar da aka bayar sun fi mayar da aristocratic gidan gona, manoma da kuma nobility Rasha. Kuma Chekhov gabatar a cikin ayyukansu na wani birane mutum tare da m birane irin hali. Chronotope Chekhov - wani lokaci-sarari na gari. Ba na nufin matsayi a al'umma, ba labarin kasa, da kuma tunani, da ji na birnin mutumin.

Chekhov da kuma ci gaba da nasa ra'ayi na mutum da rai image - gaske unheroic, yau da kullum. A cikin ayyukansu ba kaifi rikice-rikice, fama, rikice-rikice. Wani lokaci yana da alama cewa kome da ya faru da su. The motsi ba daga daya aukuwa zuwa wani, kuma daga yanayi zuwa yanayi.

Polysemous harshen kwaikwaiyo, melodic, poetic, m, cewa an buƙata don ƙirƙirar wani janar ji daga abinda, general yanayi.

Darajar halittar Chekhov

• A littafin da ake kira "The Island na Sakhalin" an m daftarin aiki na zamani zamanin da marubucin.
• Chekhov ya fara a farkon zamani tragicomedy.
• A cikin aikin shi presents mafi kyau samfurori na kasa adabi a duk irin short almarar nau'o'i.
• Chekhov ta dramaturgy ya zama wani irin kiran da katin na Rasha adabi a duniya.
• A kira, wanda ya bar mu tare da Chekhov: "Ku kula da wani mutum!" - madawwami.
• Wannan marubucin ya ba kawai wani marubuci kuma marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, amma kuma wani mawãƙi ba ne. A waqe, rubuta a cikin shekaru na koyarwa a makaranta, gani ransa.

• Kuma aikin Chekhov, da mafi kyau waqe da cewa za a iya samu a cikin goma sha takwas girma "Complete Works da Haruffa," da biography ne quite na ƙwarai.
• Artistic binciken wannan marubuci karfi da tasiri da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma adabi na karni na 20th. Fassara zuwa cikin harsuna da yawa ban mamaki ayyukan fara kokari ne na kunshe a cikin Theatrical repertoire a dukan duniya.
• Wannan marubuci gudanar ya halicci a cikin adabi sabon motsa, muhimmanci da ya shafi ci gaban da Genre na labarin. Innovation ne da yin amfani da abin da ake kira rafi na sani, da liyafar, wanda daga baya aka kwasa James Joyce da sauran modernist marubuta.
• Chekhov shi ne na farko a Rasha adabi, wanda a fili ya nuna mana siffar mutumin a cikin titi na lardin, hana kishin mataki, m-shiryayye, mai kyau burin jama'ar. Kamar babu sauran, marubucin fili ya nuna yadda for al'umma da kuma mutum ne mai hadarin gaske philistinism (labaru "Malam na Wallafe-wallafe", "Ionich").

Saboda haka, mun in general gabatar da rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov. A mafi kyau da kuma mafi ban sha'awa da kuma umarni, mun zabi a gare ku. Mun bada shawara, duk da haka, yi amfani da sauran kafofin. A rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov Dates za ka iya gano idan kana so ka more daki-daki. Littattafai da aka rubuta da wannan marubucin, akwai a yanzu mai girma iri-iri. Yana da ban sha'awa don karanta rubutu da Anton Pavlovich tare da matarsa, da aka buga a shekara ta 1972 Schatsem V. Danilova S. da sauransu, kazalika da wuya-Gitovich NI, halitta a cikin shekara ta 1986, wanda presents memoirs na Sahaban wannan babban marubuci. Chronology na rayuwa da kuma aiki na Chekhov za a iya taimaka tare da wani goyon baya ga wadannan da sauran kafofin.