A lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin: tsarin, dabara, model. Ta yaya lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin?

A jumlar "lemar sararin samaniya", ya zama sananne a cikin 70s. karshe karni, ya dade da aka cushe a kan gefen. Amma 'yan mutane gaske fahimci ma'anar wannan ra'ayi da kuma m halakar da lemar sararin samaniya Layer. An ma fi girma asiri to da yawa ne tsarin da lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin, kuma domin shi ne kai tsaye related to da matsaloli na lemar sararin samaniya Layer. Bari mu koyi game da lemar sararin samaniya, da tsarin da kuma amfani da wannan abu a cikin masana'antar.

Mene ne lemar sararin samaniya

Lemar sararin samaniya, ko a matsayin shi ne ake kira, aiki oxygen, - wani gas Azure kaifi ƙarfe wari.

The abu zai iya zama a dukkan jihohin uku: gaseous, m da kuma ruwa.

Kamar wancan lemar sararin samaniya a yanayi da aka samu kawai a matsayin gas, kafa da ake kira lemar sararin samaniya Layer. Shi ne saboda ta Azure sama bayyana blue.

Ta yaya lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin

Ya laƙabi "aiki oxygen" lemar sararin samaniya ne saboda ta kamance da oxygen. Tun da babban harafin da sinadari a cikin wadannan kayan ne Oxygen (Ya). Duk da haka, idan kwayoyin ƙunshi 2 oxygen zarra shi, lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin (dabara - Ya ₃₎ kunshi uku sunadaran wannan kashi.

Saboda wannan tsarin, Properties na lemar sararin samaniya kamar oxygen, amma mafi pronounced. A musamman, kamar yadda Ya _2, Yã ₃ Yana da wani karfi oxidant.

A mafi muhimmanci bambanci tsakanin " 'yar'uwar" na abubuwa da cewa a hankali yana da muhimmanci ga kowa da kowa, da wadannan: lemar sararin samaniya ba zai iya numfashi, shi ne mai guba idan inhaled, kuma shi ne iya sa huhu lalacewa ko kashe wani mutum. A wannan Yã ₃ ne dace da iska tsabtace daga mai guba impurities. Af, daidai saboda shi haka sauki numfashi bayan ruwan sama: lemar sararin samaniya oxidizes cutarwa abubuwa a cikin iska, kuma shi ne barrantar.

Model lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin (kunshi 3 tare da oxygen kwayoyin halitta) dan kadan da kama kwana image, kuma ta size - 117 °. Wannan kwayoyin yana da wani unpaired electron, shi ne saboda haka diamagnetic. Bugu da kari, yana da polarity, ko da yake hada sunadaran daya kashi.

Biyu sunadaran kwayoyin da aka daidaita bonded zuwa juna. Kuma a nan ne mai mahada zuwa uku kasa m. Saboda wannan dalili, wani lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin (photo model za a iya gani a kasa) ne sosai m, kuma nan da nan bayan da samuwar tsãgewar ƙwãyar. Kullum, a lokacin da wani bazuwar dauki na Yã _3, oxygen.

Saboda da rashin zaman lafiya na lemar sararin samaniya ba shi yiwuwa a girbi da kuma store da kai kamar yadda sauran abubuwa. Saboda wannan dalili, da samar da shi ne mafi tsada fiye da sauran kayan.

A wannan yanayin da wani babban aiki na Yã ₃ kwayoyin Yana damar wannan abu ya zama wani karfi oxidant, mafi m fiye da oxygen da kuma mafi aminci fiye da chloro.

Idan lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin da aka halakar da kuma saki Yã _2, wannan dauki da aka yaushe tare da a saki makamashi. A lokaci guda, don haka cewa akwai wata samu tsari (samuwar Yã ₃ Ya _2), ba lallai ba ne su ciyar kasa.

A gaseous lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin bazu a zazzabi na 70 ° C. Idan an tashe zuwa 100 digiri ko fiye, da dauki significantly kara. Har ila yau, accelerates da Lalacewar lokaci na lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin gaban impurities.

Properties O3

Ko da abin da wani daga cikin jihohi uku zauna lemar sararin samaniya, shi ya rike a blue color. The wuya littattafai, da aukaka da kuma duhu inuwa.

Kowane lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin weighs 48 g / mol. Shi ne mutum fiye da iska, wanda taimaka wajen ware wadannan kayan a tsakãninsu.

Yã ₃ ne iya oxidize kusan duk karafa da kuma wadanda ba karafa (sai zinariya, iridium, kuma platinum).

Har ila yau, wannan abu zai iya shiga a cikin konewa dauki, amma wannan na bukatar a babbar zazzabi fiye da na Yã _2.

Lemar sararin samaniya ne iya rushe a H ₂ Ya kuma Freon. A cikin ruwa tsari zai iya yiwuwa a gauraye da ruwa oxygen, nitrogen, methane, argon, carbon tetrachloride da carbon dioxide.

Kamar yadda kafa lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin

Kwayoyin Yã ₃ suna kafa via da aka makala da oxygen kwayoyin halitta da oxygen kwayoyin samuwa. Su, bi da bi, ya bayyana saboda tsakiyan nonon na sauran Yã ₂ kwayoyin saboda su daukan hotuna da lantarki sallama, hasken ultraviolet, azumi electrons, da kuma sauran high makamashi barbashi. Saboda wannan dalili, da peculiar wari da lemar sararin samaniya za a iya ji a kusa da haifar da lantarki kayan ko fitilu cewa emit riskar hasken ultraviolet.

A wani masana'antu sikelin ₃ da aka ware ta hanyar na'urar lemar sararin samaniya da janareto ko ozonizers. A cikin wadannan na'urorin da wani babban ƙarfin lantarki wutar lantarki da aka wuce ta hanyar gas rafi, wanda ya ƙunshi Yã _2, da kuma kwayoyin halitta wanda bauta a matsayin "gini tubalan" for lemar sararin samaniya.

Wani lokaci wadannan na'urorin gudu tsarki oxygen ko al'ada iska. A cikin tsarki na fara abu dogara a kan ingancin da lemar sararin samaniya. Saboda haka, likita Yã _3, nufin domin lura da raunuka, cire kawai chemically m Yã _2.

Tarihi na samu na lemar sararin samaniya

Bayan aikatã game da yadda lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin dubi da kuma yadda aka kafa, wajibi ne a samu cikin tarihin abu.

An farko hada da wani Dutch bincike Martin van Marum a cikin biyu da rabi na XVIII karni. Kimiyya lura cewa bayan wucewa ta cikin akwati lantarki tartsatsi da iska gas a cikinta canjãwa da kaddarorin. A lokaci guda Van Marum ya ba ya gane cewa kwayoyin gano wani sabon abu.

Amma ya Jamus abokin aiki Sheynbeyn sunayen, kokarin yin amfani da wutar lantarki ga decompose H ₂ Ya zuwa H ₂ da kuma Yã, kusantar da hankali ga kasafi na wani sabon gas tare da pungent wari. Bayan jawabin da yawa bincike, wani masanin kimiyyar da aka bayyana gano abu, kuma ba shi da sunan "lemar sararin samaniya" girmama na kalmar Helenanci "to sansana."

A ikon kashe fungi da kwayoyin cuta, kazalika da ƙananan yawan guba daga cutarwa mahadi wanda da bude abu yana da sha'awar masana kimiyya. 17 shekaru bayan bude na game ₃ Werner von Siemens ne na farko da na'urar da ba ka damar haduwa da lemar sararin samaniya a wani yawa da aka gina. Kuma bayan shekaru 39 na baiwa Nikola Tesla ya ƙirƙirarru, kuma ya jadadda mallaka a duniya na farko lemar sararin samaniya janareta.

Yana da wannan na'urar a cikin shekaru 2 da aka fara amfani da Faransa da magani wurare don shan ruwa. Tun farkon da XX karni. Turai ta fara matsawa a cikin ozonation ruwan sha ga tsaftacewa.

Rasha Empire a karon farko don amfani da wannan dabara a 1911, da kuma bayan shekaru 5 a kasar da aka sanye take da kusan 4 dozin shuke-shuke domin tsarkakewa daga shan ruwa da yin amfani da lemar sararin samaniya.

Yau, ruwa ozonation hankali maye gurbin chlorination. Saboda haka, 95% na Turai ta gaba ruwan sha tsabtace ta Yã _3. Har ila yau, Popular wannan dabara a Amurka. A CIS, shi ne har yanzu a karkashin binciken, domin ko da yake wannan hanya mafi hadari da kuma dace, shi koda halin kaka ya fi tsada fiye chlorination.

Areas na aikace-aikace na lemar sararin samaniya

Bugu da kari ga ruwa tsarkakewa, yã ₃ yana da yawan wasu aikace-aikace.

• Lemar sararin samaniya da aka yi amfani da matsayin bleaching wakili a yi da takarda da nama.
• Active oxygen amfani ga disinfection giya, kazalika da a gaggauta "tsufa" tsari brandies.
• By ta amfani da daban-daban Yã ₃ ne mai ladabi kayan lambu mai.
• Sau da yawa sosai da wannan abu da ake amfani da aiki da lalacewa kayayyakin, irin su nama, qwai, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari da kuma kayan lambu. A wannan hanya ba ya zama Chemical burbushi kamar yadda ta amfani da formaldehyde ko chlorine, da kuma kayayyakin da za a iya adana domin da yawa ya fi tsayi.
• Lemar sararin samaniya bakara da kayan aikin likitanci da kuma tufafi.
• Har ila yau tsarkake Yã ₃ da ake amfani da wani iri-iri na kiwon lafiya da kuma kwaskwarima hanyoyin. A musamman, ana iya a Dentistry disinfect cikin bakin da gumis, kazalika zalunta daban-daban cuta (stomatitis, herpes, na baka candidiasis). A kasashen Turai, game da ₃ ne quite rare disinfect raunuka.
• A cikin 'yan shekaru, ya zama hugely m šaukuwa gida kayan for tace iska da kuma ruwan da lemar sararin samaniya.

Lemar sararin samaniya Layer - abin da yake da shi?

A nesa na 15-35 kilomita sama da ƙasa surface lemar sararin samaniya Layer, ko kamar yadda shi ne ake kira, da ozonosphere. A wannan gaba, wani dabzar Yã ₃ hidima a matsayin tace for cutarwa hasken rana radiation.

Ina ba da irin wannan yawan abubuwa, idan ta kwayoyin ne m? Don amsa wannan tambaya ba wuya, idan ka tuna da model na lemar sararin samaniya kwayoyin da kuma Hanyar samuwar. Saboda haka, oxygen, wanda kunshi biyu kwayoyin da oxygen shigar da stratosphere, shi ne mai tsanani da hasken rana haskoki. Wannan makamashi ne isa ya manne Yã ₂ sunadaran wanda Ya ₃ da aka kafa. Kamar wancan lemar sararin samaniya Layer ba kawai yana amfani da wani ɓangare na makamashin hasken rana, amma kuma tace shi garwaya da hasken ultraviolet da hadari.

Yana da aka ce a sama cewa lemar sararin samaniya an narkar da Freon. Wadannan gaseous abubuwa (amfani a yi na deodorants, wuta extinguishers da refrigerators), sau daya a cikin yanayi, lemar sararin samaniya shafi da kuma inganta da ƙasƙanci. A sakamakon haka, akwai ramuka a cikin ozonosphere, ta hanyar abin da duniya fada nefiltrirovanye hasken rana haskoki cewa suna tareda žata ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Ka yi la'akari da siffofin da kuma tsarin da lemar sararin samaniya DNA, shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa wannan abu, ko da yake da ha ari, amma da amfani sosai ga bil'adama, idan an yadda ya kamata amfani.